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Rehman et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400068 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.06 Page 31 of 64

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Figure 15. (A) Electrochemical Na storage capabilities of MGO-Si and crystalline Si. (a) Cyclic performances of MGO-Si and pristine
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crystalline Si at 50 mA g . (b) Comparison of rate capabilities. (c) Charge/discharge curves of the MGO-Si electrode at different
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current densities. (d) Long-term cycling stability of MGO-Si at 500 mA g . (B) Investigation of the reaction mechanism of the MGO-Si
electrode. (a) Contour plot of ex-situ XRD patterns of the (111) and (200) MGO-Si peaks at different cut-off voltages during the
discharge cycles. (b) Ex-situ TEM images and (c) enlarged filtered HR-TEM images of MGO-Si before cycling and when discharged and
charged. (d and e) STEM-EELS line scan and corresponding EELS spectra of sodiated MGO-Si. (f and g) TEM line scans of MGO-Si
[175]
when discharged and charged. Reproduced with permission from . Copyright © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[185]
A biomass-derived C-sheathed Si composite has been fabricated by Gong et al. . It showed a good affinity
for Na (de) insertion as an anode and sustained 99.7% of capacity retention after 1,000 cycles. Recently, a
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ternary composite formed by hybridizing CoSi P , FeSi P , and CNTs was first pre-deliathiated to create a
3 3
4 4
[186]
LiF-rich SEI film that later sustained during (de)sodiation . This novel strategy showed a superior CE of
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80% with high initial discharging and charging capacities of 581 and 464 mAh g . It sustained a capacity of
417 mAh g over 150 cycles.
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