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Mao et al. Chem Synth 2023;3:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2022.41 Page 21 of 33

Figure 13. (A) The schematic diagram of multimodal diagnosis and treatment of CuS NPs [177] , Copyright © Elsevier B.V. 2020; (B)The
schematic representation of the role of CuS-BSA-FA in PDT and PTT [178] , Copyright © Royal Society of Chemisrty 2012; (C) Schematic
representation of the preparation of DSF@PEG-HCuSNPs (top) and the corresponding synergistic effects of NIR-II-induced photonic
hyperthermia and in situ formation of Cu(DTC) complexes for enhancing the chemotherapeutic efficacy of DSF-based
2
chemotherapy [179] , Copyright © American Chemical Society 2021; (D) The rational design and synthesis of FA-CD@PP-CpG
nanocomposites (top), their use in cancer therapy (left), and illustrations of FA-CD@PP-CpG for docetaxel enhanced immunotherapy
(right) [180] ; Copyright © Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim 2019. BSA: bovine serum albumin ; FA: folic acid; ICG:
indocyanine green; NIR: near-infrared region; PDT: photodynamic therapy; PEI: polyethyleneimine; PTT: photothermal therapy.

multifunctional FA-CD@PP-CpG for synergistic phototherapy (including PDT and PTT) and docetaxel-
enhanced immunotherapy. They exhibited excellent PDT efficiency and PTT-conversion capability under
650 nm and 808 nm irradiation, as shown in Figure 13D. What is more, they were able to significantly
inhibit tumor growth of 4T1-bearing mice in vivo without significant side effects. Low-dose docetaxel
loading can promote permeability, improve the effectiveness of anti-PD-L1 antibody (aPD-L1), inhibit
MDSCs, reduce tumor burden, effectively polarize MDSCs to M1 phenotype, and further enhance anti-
tumor efficacy. In summary, the nanocomposites mentioned above provide an effective synergistic
therapeutic modality for cancer .
[180]

Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy (RT) was utilized as a therapeutic strategy to attract cell death in the target sites by
causing precise DNA damage. RT can be implemented using various techniques, including external beams
such as electrons, protons, and brachytherapy [181-183] . Many β-emitting NPs have been proposed as reasonable
agents for cancer RT.