Page 91 - Read Online

Page 18 of 33 Mao et al. Chem Synth 2023;3:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cs.2022.41

Figure 11. Schematic representation of the synthesis process of ultra-small Cu Se-PEG-SH; and (B) PA imaging, CT imaging, SPECT
2-x
imaging, and photothermal therapy of cancer in vivo [135] ; (C) Representative illustration of GPSeCS@PD-1 and the enhanced PTT (D) for
triple-negative breast cancer [136] . (A)-(B): Copyright © Wiley-VCH 2016; (C)-(D): Copyright © Elsevier Ltd. 2022. CT: computed
tomography; NIR: near-infrared region; PAI: photoacoustic imaging; PTT: photothermal therapy; SPECT: single-photon emission
computed tomography.

Copper chalcogenides, as one of the potential agents, with aforesaid unique chemical, optical, and physical
properties [105,148] , have been widely used in tumor treatment fields such as PTT, PDT, CDT, and IT.
However, the therapeutic efficacy largely depends on many factors, such as LSPR, particle size, laser
wavelength, intensity, and the concentration of H O within the tumor. Therefore, we address these factors
2
2
in the reported literature and summarize the copper chalcogenides-based combination therapy to achieve
the desired efficacy in Table 2, including PTT/chemotherapy, PDT/chemotherapy, CDT/chemotherapy, and
chemotherapy/immunotherapy.

The application of each treatment modality will be briefly described next.

Photothermal therapy
PA imaging and Photothermal therapy (PTT) have been attributable to their LSPRs within the NIR window
generated from copper deficiency . The PTT technology is based on the nanoprobe with high
[134]
photothermal conversion efficiency. Subsequently, the light irradiation with strong interaction with the
designed copper chalcogenides probe, especially for the NIR light with deep penetration, most of the that
would be turned into heat, resulting in the thermal ablation effect for the tumor. Thus, the combination of
PTT and other strategies manifests high efficiency for tumor therapy and will be discussed in the following
section.

Chemodynamic therapy
Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a burgeoning therapeutic method that takes advantage of Fenton-type
reactions to go on highly toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and other activated reactive oxygen species
(ROS) [160-163] . It is known that the generation of •OH was generated by Fenton chemistry to depend on the
relationship among the hydrogen peroxide (H O ) and the catalyst and does not require oxygen (O ) or
2
2
2
external energy input. This individual mode of ROS generation allows CDT to overcome major barriers