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Figure 9. (A) Schematic synthesis of Cu-CIS/ZnS QDs and PET imaging; (B) [119] , (C), and (D) The micro-PET/CT imaging and tumor
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therapy in vivo Cu-CuS nanoparticle [120] . (A)-(B): Copyright © American Chemical Society 2014; (C)-(D): Copyright © American
Chemical Society 2010. CT: computed tomography; PET: positron emission tomography.
electronic characteristics. Additionally, their surface supports convenient coalition and ligand
attachment [123-125] .

In addition to their optical features, Cu nanoparticles also possess low toxicity and cost. Shi et al. developed
a tumor-targeting and MMP2-activating nanoprobe by designing a novel magnetic semiconductor Gd/CuS
nanoparticle named T-MAN. The researchers attested to its ability for FLI/MRI dual-modality imaging and
precise PTT of gastric tumors . Figure 10A showed the synthesis and structure of T-MAN, which involved
[126]
micellar encapsulation of OA-coated Gd/CuS nanosheets assisted by amphiphilic DSPE-PEG. After
intravenous injection, T-MAN can selectively enter into and characteristically accumulate in gastric tumors
through active delivery mediated by αvβ3 integrin. Once accumulated in the gastric tumor tissue, it can be
efficiently activated by αvβ3-bounded MMP-2; as a result, extracellular matrix-overexpressing MMP-2
produced significantly enhanced NIR fluorescence and strong T1-weighted MR Contrast imaging, which
enabled accurate delineation of the gastric tumor. Under the guidance of fluorescence/MR dual-modality
imaging, irradiation of gastric cancer tissue with 808 nm laser irradiation can produce high heat and
eventually lead to irreversible tumor cell death, as demonstrated mathematically in Figure 10B. Figure 10C
showed the schematic mechanism of in vivo PTT of gastric cancer guided by it using FLI/MRI dual-
modality imaging, a schematic diagram of FLI/MRI biological model imaging and PTT of lymph node
metastasis in live mice, T1-weighted MR images, and fluorescence images of metastatic and normal lymph