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Page 12 of 22 Hao et al. Carbon Footprints 2024;3:15 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2024.24

Figure 4. Flow diagram of subsystem (A) Flow diagram of economic benefit subsystem, (B) Flow diagram of environmental benefit
subsystem, (C) Flow diagram of market efficiency subsystem.

traditional logistics vehicles with electric logistics vehicles during the process of electrification. Additionally,
environmental benefits play a key role in the comprehensive benefits of logistics vehicle electrification and
are an indispensable part of the overall assessment.

In the market efficiency subsystem, there are three level variables: New Energy Vehicle Industry Output
Value (NEVPV), Permanent Resident Population (PRP), and Electric Logistics Vehicle Inventory (ELVI);
the rate variables for these level variables are New Energy Increment (NEI), Population Increment (NPGR),
Electric Logistics Vehicle Increment (ELVG), and Electric Logistics Vehicle Scrapping (ELVS); the
Traditional Logistics Vehicle Inventory (DLVI) and the Scrapping Rate (DLVSR) are constants, with the rest
being auxiliary variables. The market benefit model reflects the impact of the increase in the comprehensive
revenue of the whole vehicle brought by the electrification of logistics vehicles on the new energy logistics
vehicle industry and the new energy industry. At the same time, the increase in the output value of the new
energy industry also plays an important role in the process of electrification of logistics vehicles.

Model validity test
This research has identified three pivotal indicators for evaluating the model’s validity: Beijing’s new energy
industry output value, the permanent resident population, and the number of charging stations. The
temporal scope of our validity assessment encompasses the period from 2021 to 2023. The assessment is
conducted annually, thus covering a three-year period. A meticulous analysis of the data presented in the
table yields a test conclusion. The simulation error for the permanent resident population is a negligible