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Page 10 of 16 Hu et al. Carbon Footprints 2024;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/cf.2024.28

Table 3. Spatial spillover effects of the impact of industrial park construction on city carbon emissions
ETDZ EIDP LCIP
Nabour -0.1742*** -0.1439*** 0.6860***
(0.0447) (0.0140) (0.0265)
Park -1.3279*** -0.3949*** 0.2384***
(0.0707) (0.0450) (0.0628)
Constant 2.5202*** 1.5870*** 0.9528***
(0.1880) (0.1945) (0.1910)
N 4284 4284 4284
CONTROL Y Y Y
City fixed effects Y Y Y
Time fixed effects Y Y Y
2
R 0.4986 0.4986 0.5004
***P < 0.01. The values in parentheses are standard errors.

Figure 2. Distribution of the three types of industrial parks by province in 1999 (A), 2008 (B), 2016 (C) and 2019 (D). The shade of the
fill color indicates the province-level amount of relevant industrial parks for a given year, and the three-color bar charts show the
province-level amount of ETDZs, EIDPs and LCIPs for a given year.

Robustness check
Placebo test
To check the robustness of the DID results, placebo tests were conducted. Figure 5 shows the kernel density
distribution of placebo tests for the three types of industrial parks. Significant differences between the
placebo and actual regression coefficients confirm the robustness of the baseline model results.