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Hou et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023039 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.37 Page 3 of 17

Table 1. MOF-based flame retardants for different polymer matrices
Type of MOFs Adding amount (%) Matrix UL-94 LOI (%) pHRR reduction (%) Reference
ZIF-8 1.0 PLA V-2 26.0 - [4]
UiO-66 5.0 PS - 21.0 26.8 [5]
ZIF-8 0.91 PUF - 18.8 50.6 [6]
Zr-MOF@CeHPP 2.0 PC V-0 27.6 45.4 [11]
ZIF-67 2.0 EP - 23.6 28.7 [12]
Ni-MOF 1.7 + 3.3 APP PLA V-0 31.0 26.9 [13]
ZIF-8 3 + 27 DDGS PP V-2 25.0 - [14]
Fe-MOF 2.0 EP - - 18.6 [15]
Co-MOF 1.5 + 4.5 APP TPU V-0 28.2 81.1 [16]
ZIF-11 12.0 PUF 21.3 [17]
ZIF-8 0.75 + 2.25 EG PUE V-1 30.2 83.5 [18]
BP@MIL-53 1.0 PC V-0 30.5 49.3 [19]
MIL-88B 1.0 PET V-2 27.0 23.0 [20]
TEP@MIL-53 3.0 PS - - 24.7 [21]
ZIF-8/RGO 2.0 EP V-1 26.8 49.66 [22]
Zr-MOF 4.0 PC V-0 28.2 47.4 [23]

Figure 1. Data obtained with the keywords “MOF flame retard” or “MOF fire safety” in the Web of Science on August 14, 2023.

for researchers in this field by sharing our insights. One crucial aspect of MOFs is their adjustable structure,
which enables precise manipulation of their physical and chemical properties. Ligand synthesis plays a
pivotal role in fine-tuning the properties of MOFs, as ligands act as organic linkers that connect metal nodes
and determine the framework structure. Therefore, the development of novel ligands and derivatives is
imperative to enhance the versatility and performance of MOFs.

Furthermore, the industrialization of MOFs represents a crucial milestone toward their widespread
commercial utilization. This entails scaling up the synthesis of MOFs, optimizing their properties for
specific applications, and devising cost-effective production methods. Finally, the multifunctionality of
MOFs is a key advantage that renders them suitable for a diverse range of applications. MOFs can be
tailored to exhibit specific properties, such as antibacterial activity, gas storage capacity, and selective