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Li et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023024 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.09 Page 15 of 20

Figure 16. (A) Structure of the Cd Se cluster encapsulated in NU-1000 at a node site (Cd Se @NU-1000). The unit cell of the system
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is denoted by a solid line. (B) Total and partial density of states of Cd Se @NU-1000. The Fermi level is set to zero and denoted by a
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black dashed line. The highest occupied crystal orbital (HOCO) is on the linker, and the lowest unoccupied crystal orbital (LUCO) is on
the cluster. The highest-energy occupied orbitals on the linker and the lowest-energy unoccupied orbitals on the cluster are highlighted
in yellow [106] . Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society (C) Schematic presentation for the synthesis of UiO-68-NHC,
Au-NC@UiO-68-NHC, and UiO-68-NH /Au mixture. (D) Time courses of CO evolution by PCR using UiO-68-NHC,
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Au-NC@UiO-68-NHC, UiO-68-NH , and Au/UiO-66-NH as photocatalysts upon AM 1.5 G irradiation [107] . Copyright 2021 Wiley-
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VCH.

Figure 17. (A) Schematic diagram of the M. thermoacetica/Au NCs hybrid system. (B) photosynthesis behavior of different
systems [109] . Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.

various advanced techniques have been widely explored. Due to the fast progress of this field, a summary of
recent studies is essential for both new and experienced researchers in related fields. In this review, we
summarize the recent advances in MNCs-based catalysts for PCR. We first introduce the synthesis of
MNCs. Then, we explain the mechanism of photocatalysis based on MNCs-based catalysts. Finally, in the
section on advanced MNCs-based catalysts for PCR, we classify MNCs into nonnoble MNCs and noble
MNCs and summarize their role as catalysts in enhancing PCR performance. In the future, it is believed that
there will be more strategies to optimize the design of MNCs-based catalysts for PCR. Therefore, we want to