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Li et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023024 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2023.09 Page 11 of 20

Figure 10. Investigation of the promotional role of CeO -S clusters in electron transfer and the subsequent surface reaction. (A) In situ
x
EPR signals of CeO -S/ZnIn S . (B) Quantitative analysis by the double integral of the EPR signals in a. (C) In situ FTIR spectra for the
x 2 4
adsorption, activation, and reduction of CO under visible light over CeO -S/ZnIn S . (D and E) Adsorption energies of CO and
2 x 2 4 2
(F and G) CO at different sites of Ce O -ZnIn S (0001) determined by DFT calculations [83] . Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
6 10 2 4
MNCs. CBD produces cluster-modified semiconductor materials with exceptional photocatalytic properties
by forming clusters in a gaseous environment and then soft-landing them on supports with precise control
over their size, shape, and composition (as shown in Figure 11) . After deposition, unlike wet chemistry,
[85]
no additional calcination or activation steps are required . The vapor-phase Au NCs deposition method
[86]
permits the placement of all active particles on the surface. Li et al. also prepared Au NCs/TiO /Ti C and
3
2
2
Au nanoparticles/TiO /Ti C by deposition and precipitation . The optimized Au NCs/TiO /Ti C
[87]
2
3
2
3
2
2
exhibited higher yields of reduced CO to CO and CH than Au-nanoparticles/TiO /TiCO and P-Au-
2
2
2
4
nanoparticles/TiO /TiCO (as shown in Figure 12) . CBD for MNCs synthesis not only reduces the risk of
[87]
2
2
chemical contamination but also ensures that the MNCs are evenly distributed over the semiconductor
surface and reduces costs.
Preparation of Noble MNCs-based catalysts by preventing clusters from aggregating improve PCR performance
Due to their large specific surface area and high surface energy, noble MNCs are typically
thermodynamically unstable and susceptible to migration and agglomeration under light irradiation or
high-temperature conditions, resulting in a substantial decrease in catalytic activity and selectivity [88,89] .
Therefore, strategies to prevent cluster aggregation on the carrier are necessary to enhance their
[90]
photocatalytic performance .