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Page 18 of 23 Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:24 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.91

Figure 23. Selected video frames from parasternal long-axis 2D and color Doppler study demonstrating turbulent flow (TF) in the left
ventricular (LV) outflow tract in an infant of a diabetic mother in (A). Continuous wave Doppler interrogation in (B) reveals a systolic
pressure gradient of 39 mmHg (see the insert in B). The triangular pattern of the Doppler signal is suggestive of subaortic obstruction.
[19]
Aorta (Ao) is labeled. Reproduced from Ref. .

Figure 24. Selected video frames from high parasternal views of the right innominate (RInn) artery illustrating the division of RInn artery
into right subclavian (RS) artery and right common carotid (RCC) artery both by two-dimensional in (A) and color Doppler in (B)
imaging. This information indicates that the aorta descends on the left (normal) (see text for details). Reproduced from Ref. [19] .

Down syndrome
Babies with Down syndrome have a higher (30%-44%) prevalence of heart disease [32,33] when compared to
normal infants (< 1%). Most neonatologists and geneticists desire to know if the baby has cardiac
involvement. Cardiac murmurs and symptoms of cardiac failure are not usually seen at birth because of
high pulmonary vascular resistance. Echocardiographic studies are valuable in determining whether the
baby has a common AV septal defect (the most frequent heart abnormality in babies with Down syndrome)
[Figures 25 and 26], another type of defect, or a normal heart.

PDAs in the premature
The issues related to PDA in premature infants will be discussed in Part II of this series.