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Rao. Vessel Plus 2022;6:26 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2574-1209.2021.93 Page 41 of 43

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, echo-Doppler findings of more frequently seen cyanotic CHDs were reviewed. At first, a brief
description of the anatomic and pathophysiological features of each defect was presented; this is followed by
detailing echocardiographic findings. The lesions discussed were TOF, TGA, tricuspid atresia, TAPVC,
truncus arteriosus, HLHS, DORV, DILV, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary atresia with IVS, congenital
corrected TGA, Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve, and mitral atresia with normal aortic root. The
pathologic features, ventricular function (see Part I) and hemodynamic abnormalities of cyanotic CHDs can
be adequately evaluated by conventional echo-Doppler studies (m-mode, 2D and pulsed, CW and Color
Doppler). In cases where this is not possible, other types of echocardiographic studies such as contrast
echocardiography, trans-esophageal echocardiography, intracardiac echocardiography, intravascular
ultrasound, 3-dimensional echocardiography, and others may be used. If necessary, more recent techniques
of advanced imagining technology, namely, virtual reality and augmented reality may be utilized. The echo-
Doppler features are sufficiently characteristic to make a diagnosis of each of the cyanotic CHD, to elucidate
their pathophysiology, and to evaluate the need for surgical or transcatheter intervention so that the need
for studies such as MRI, CT or cardiac catheterization with selective cineangiography is rare.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
A number of echocardiographic pictures have been used as figures in this paper; these echocardiograms
were secured at multiple academic institutions, including the current institution (the Children’s Memorial
Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas), that the author was privileged to work. I sincerely thank the
sonographers at these institutions for their diligence in securing high-quality images.

Authors’ contributions
The author contributed solely to the article.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
The author declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.

REFERENCES
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