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imaging, computed tomography or cardiac catheterization with selective cineangiography are rarely needed.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
A number of echocardiographic pictures have been used as figures in this paper; these echocardiograms
were secured at multiple academic institutions, including the current institution (the Children’s Memorial
Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas), that the author was privileged to work. I sincerely thank the
sonographers at these institutions for their diligence in securing high-quality images. I also thank Dr.
Monesha Gupta for providing base snapshots from which figures 38 and 72 were created.

Authors’ contributions
The author contributed solely to the article.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
The author declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2022.

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