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Hao et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 39 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.48 Page 15 of 25

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Figure 5. (A) Electron microscopy image and Cole-Cole plot of MXene@graphene oxide hybrid aerogel microspheres . Copyright
[102]
2020, Elsevier; (B) Core-shell structure, Cole-Cole plot, and simulated volumetric loss density of carbon/graphene microspheres .
Copyright 2022, Elsevier; (C) The functional unit architecture of ATO/SiO mesoscopic metacomposite, contribution of polarization
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loss, and reflection loss values across a broad temperature range [105] . Copyright 2024, Elsevier; (D) Ti SiC /Al O -13%TiO microsphere
3
2
2
3
2
structure, polarization capacity and electromagnetic wave absorption performance of the composite material [106] . Copyright 2024,
Elsevier.
conductive network, the material maintains a notable effective absorption bandwidth of 2.2 GHz at 873
K .
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Although the existing research preliminarily shows that the optimization of the loss and impedance
matching performance of the composite material can be considered by means of the design of the sub-
wavelength scale absorbing unit. Research indicates that these functional units can optimize both loss
capability and impedance matching performance [Table 1]. However, the research on mesoscopic absorbers
is still in its infancy, the structure design of functional unit is relatively simple, and the combination of
mesoscopic functional unit with micro-component and structure design is not yet sufficiently developed.
Therefore, it is imperative to engineer hierarchical design strategies that bridge mesoscale architectures with
micro/nanoscale functionalities to unlock the full potential of metacomposites in broadband microwave
absorption.

Multiple reflection-scattering mechanism for enhanced microwave absorption performance
Based on the physical mechanisms of electromagnetic wave-matter interaction, multiple reflection-
scattering effects can effectively enhance absorption performance by extending the propagation path of
electromagnetic waves within materials and increasing coupling with absorptive media. From the