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Duan et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 4 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.46 Page 13 of 15

Table 1. The MAE, RMES, and correlation coefficient of the measured values between the designed electronics device and the
commercial equipment

Group Age MAE/Ω RMES/Ω Correlation coefficient
Female 1 24 16.3841 17.1686 0.9699
Female 2 43 11.2448 12.3877 0.9670
Female 3 51 15.6749 16.6148 0.9632
Male 1 23 19.1000 21.2975 0.9480
Male 2 46 15.6127 16.8939 0.9481
Male 3 60 19.3245 21.5747 0.9411

MAE: Mean absolute error; RMES: root mean square error.

DECLARATIONS
Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation: Duan L
Performed data acquisition and provided administrative, technical, and material support: Jin ML

Availability of data and materials
All the data and materials used in our study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
request.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Young Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province (grand no.
201909099), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grand no. 52003134), the Systems Science
Plus Joint Research Program of Qingdao University (grand no. XT2024102) and the Medicine Plus Joint
Research Program of Qingdao University (grand no. RZ2400004155) to Jin ML.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
All experiments are conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics
Committee Medical College of Qingdao University (QDU-HEC-2024463). All participants were informed
about the experimental procedure and research purposes, and have signed the relevant consent forms prior
to participation.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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