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Duan et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 4 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.46 Page 11 of 15
Figure 4. Performance evaluation of biocompatible integrated electronics for non-invasive human bladder volume monitoring in human
subjects. (A) Volume and impedance state changes during the passage of time from emptying to filling of the human bladder; (B) Patch
electrode mounting locations; (C) Optical images of participants wearing wireless wearable sensors during a bladder test. The data
collected were sent to a smartphone and displayed in a developed mobile application; (D-I) The designed electronic device and
commercial equipment were employed to monitor the bladder impedance change, and the correlation between the measurement levels
of the two devices.
