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Huang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 24 Soft Science
DOI: 10.20517/ss.2025.07

Research Article Open Access

Multimodal sensing conductive organohydrogel

electronics based on chitosan-encapsulated MXene
nanocomposites for deep learning-enhanced ball

sports recognition

1
2
1,*
3
1,*
1
1
1
Mengjie Huang , Shun Liu , Yalin Chi , Jianwei Li , Hongling Sun , Lin Dong , Hu Liu , Chuntai Liu ,
Changyu Shen 1
1
State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE Software for Industrial Equipment; National Engineering
Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China.
2
Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China.
3
School of Physics & Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China.
* Correspondence to: Prof. Hu Liu, Prof. Hongling Sun, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis, Optimization and CAE
Software for Industrial Equipment; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology,
Zhengzhou University, 97-1 Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450002, Henan, China. E-mail: liuhu@zzu.edu.cn;
sunhongling@zzu.edu.cn
How to cite this article: Huang, M.; Liu, S.; Chi, Y.; Li, J.; Sun, H.; Dong, L.; Liu, H.; Liu, C.; Shen, C. Multimodal sensing conductive
organohydrogel electronics based on chitosan-encapsulated MXene nanocomposites for deep learning-enhanced ball sports
recognition. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 24. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.07
Received: 16 Mar 2025 First Decision: 21 Apr 2025 Revised: 1 May 2025 Accepted: 13 May 2025 Published: 27 May 2025
Academic Editors: Jin Wu, Seung Hwan Ko Copy Editor: Pei-Yun Wang Production Editor: Pei-Yun Wang

Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have drawn significant attention as smart sensing systems for flexible electronics. However,
challenges remain in fabricating multimodal electronics that simultaneously achieve ultrastretchability, conformal
adhesion, environmental adaptability, self-healing, and high-performance sensing for electrophysiological signal
detection. In this study, a nanocomposite organohydrogel with these features is developed by incorporating
chitosan-encapsulated MXene nanosheets into a polyacrylamide network within a phytic acid (PA)/glycerol
(GL)/water trisolvent system, aiming to create a multimodal sensing platform. The synergy between hydrogen
bonds and electrostatic interactions endows the organohydrogel with exceptional properties, including
ultrastretchability (2,800%), robust adhesion (70.6 kPa on paper), and self-healing ability. The combination of PA
and GL not only enhances the organohydrogel’s environmental adaptability (-30 to 60 °C) to meet diverse
application requirements but also improves its conductivity. These remarkable features enable the organohydrogel
to function as a multimodal sensor capable of detecting multiple stimuli (strain and temperature) with high

© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, for any purpose, even commercially, as
long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and
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