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Huang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 24 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2025.07 Page 3 of 19

Phytic acid (PA) is a natural organic acid containing six phosphate groups, which can be extracted from
plant seeds and possesses excellent biocompatibility. Generally, dynamic hydrogen bonds between PA and
matrix play a significant role in the properties of the organohydrogel, endowing it with excellent self-healing
[17]
ability . Moreover, PA has abundant donor and acceptor sites of hydrogen bonds, which improves the
possibility of PA to bind with water molecules via hydrogen bonds, inhibiting the crystallization and
+
[18]
evaporation of water in the organohydrogel . Furthermore, PA is an electrolyte and abundant free H can
be released after being dissolved in water, improving the conductivity of organohydrogel . Hence, it is
[19]
anticipated that incorporating PA into the organohydrogel would synchronously produce high conductivity
and environmental stability to facilitate the development of flexible sensors.
With the rapid development of technologies such as big data, there is an increasing demand for high-
performance electronics to enhance data acquisition and information processing efficiency, particularly in
the field of human detection . To capture complex human activities, multiple flexible sensors need to be
[20]
integrated into different parts of the body . However, individual differences pose significant challenges to
[21]
the reliability and multifunctionality of such sensing systems. Recently, advanced deep learning algorithms
(DLAs) have been introduced into the realm of flexible sensors, which employ the collected high-quality
data to build models, demonstrating the correlations and faint discrepancies among different inputs and
[22]
improving the accuracy of decision-making . By leveraging deep learning, wearable sensing systems are
expected to provide more accurate predictions and enhance sports recognition accuracy. Therefore,
integrating advanced DLAs into wearable MXene-composited organohydrogels represents a promising
approach for reliable sports recognition.

Herein, we introduce a new approach for improving nanocomposite organohydrogel functionality through
leveraging CS to protect and stabilize dispersed MXene nanosheets. The MXene nanosheets are effectively
encapsulated by CS moleculars through hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions, forming a
passivation layer that enhances the dispersibility and stability of MXene and facilitating the polymerization
of acrylamide (AM) monomers in a PA/GL/water trisolvent system. The MXene-nanocomposited
organohydrogel exhibits ultrastretchability, environmental stability, reversible adhesiveness, self-healing
ability, and reliable dual-sensing capabilities for strain and temperature. The formation of homogeneous
organohydrogels and their resulting ultrastretchability (2,800%), satisfactory adhesion strength, and self-
healing ability are attributed to dynamic reversible interactions between PA, CS, and the negatively charged
MXene nanosheets. The PA/GL/H O trisolvent system ensures the organohydrogel’s environmental stability
2
across extreme temperatures (-30 to 60 °C). The combination of PA and MXene nanosheets endows the
organohydrogel with favorable conductivity, reliable thermosensation, and the ability to respond to
different deformations, enabling dual-sensing of strain and temperature. Remarkably, these multifunctional
sensors can detect complex human activities under harsh temperatures and subtle electromyogram signals.
Moreover, advanced DLAs are integrated with the organohydrogel sensors, enabling an intelligent sports
recognition platform with 100% accuracy in identifying different ball sports.

EXPERIMENTAL
Materials
AM, GL, ammonium persulfate (APS), N, N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), lithium fluoride (LiF), and
PA (50% in H O) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). CS (degree of deacetylation ≥ 95%, and
2
100-200 mPa·s) was provided by Macklin Biochemical CO., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). MAX phase (Ti AlC ,
2
3
400 mesh) was bought from 11 Technology Co., Ltd (Jilin, China). Hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37 wt%) was
acquired from Haohua Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Luoyang, China).