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Page 14 of 21 Tang et al. Soft Sci. 2025, 5, 11 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.62

Figure 6. (A) Self-powered temperature monitoring using the PVA/GL thermogalvanic hydrogel of the H-window for outside
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temperature monitoring . © Royal Society of Chemistry 2022; (B) The working mode of the MAA e-textile in the fire warning
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system . Copyright 2023, Elsevier; (C)Thermoelectric and photoelectric dual modulated sensors for accurate fire recognition and
warning; (D) V-T plots with light with heat and heat alone; the settings of threshold A and threshold B with output voltages (up) and the
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improvement of alarming accuracy by adjusting the settings of threshold A and threshold B (down) . © Wiley 2023. ADC: Analog-to-
Digital Converter; TE: thermoelectric; PE: piezoelectric.
conductive network formed by the bridging of 1D Ag NWs between 2D MXene nanosheets.

Moreover, providing early fire warnings before ignition can mitigate fire hazards. Li et al. have made
significant strides in this field by developing a smart sensing system that leverages a light/heat dual-
parameter-responsive single-walled CNT/poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (SWCNT/P3HT) composite
[Figure 6C] . The composite demonstrated excellent thermal stability with an onset decomposition
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temperature of 713 K and a maximum weight loss rate temperature of 748 K, as determined by
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), suggesting its robustness against high temperatures. Moreover, after a 7-
day ambient exposure, its Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity remain constant with the power
factor retaining above 97% of its initial value, indicating its ideal TE stability and consistent performance for