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Figure 16. Display applications utilizing buckling-structured flexible films. (A) Schematic diagram of the concept for an OLED with an
invisible wrinkle structure, surface SEM and light luminescence images before and after stretching, based on the dimensions of the
wrinkle structure introduced on the TFLED device substrate. Reproduced with permission [140] . Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH; (B)
Photographs of a pre-strained, wavy QD-LED. The inset shows a magnified SEM image (scale bar, 300 μm), buckling structure of the
flexible substrate under tension and the R/G/B luminescence characteristics of stretchable QD-LEDs under stretching and bending
[141]
conditions. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society; (C) SEM images and photographs of SOLEDs
[142]
captured in a dark environment under tensile strains of 0%, 50%, and 100%. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018, Nature
Publishing Group. OLED: Organic light-emitting diode; SEM: scanning electron microscope; TFLED: thin-film light-emitting diode; QD-
LED: quantum dot light-emitting diode; SOLEDs: stretchable organic light-emitting devices.