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Wang et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:32 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.15 Page 23 of 27

Additionally, designing more effective heat dissipation systems to address heat accumulation during
extended high-load operations is also a key task.

2. Reducing costs:
(1) Scaling production: achieve economies of scale by expanding production capacity, which can reduce
unit costs.
(2) Process optimization: improve manufacturing processes and material use to minimize waste and
unnecessary costs during production.
(3) Standardized components: utilize standardized and modular designs to lower production complexity
and costs.
(4) Research and development investment: increase investment in research and development to drive
technological innovation and reduce long-term costs.

3. Flexibilization of integrated systems:
In order to enhance wearability, many new types of batteries are designed to be flexible and compact. To
integrate with such batteries, TEC systems also need to be designed with a certain degree of flexibility. This
is also the direction of development for future wearable electronic devices such as e-skin.

4. Market expansion:
The key to expanding the market is to apply BTMS based on TEC technology to more fields, including
healthcare, outdoor activities, clothing, and accessories. By providing users with personalized temperature
regulation functions on the go, market share can be expanded, and costs reduced, achieving the
commercialization and popularization of the technology.

Overall, although TEC-based BTMS technology has limitations in some aspects, with continuous
improvement of the technology and expansion of application areas, it is expected to become one of the
important technologies in the field of thermal management in the future.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Australian Research Council and the QUT Capacity Building Professor
Program. This work was enabled by the use of the Central Analytical Research Facility hosted by the
Institute for Future Environments at QUT.

Authors’ contributions
Initiated the idea: Wang L, Shi XL, Chen ZG
Conducted the literature review: Wang L, Shi XL
Data analysis: Wang L, Shi XL, Yue Y, Li L, Dong C, Ding J, Yuan N
Drafted the manuscript: Wang L, Shi XL
Reviewed and revised the manuscript: Guan J, Chen ZG
All authors have read the manuscript and approved the final version.

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.