Page 94 - Read Online

Page 18 of 27 Wang et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:32 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.15

[57]
Lyu et al. developed a hybrid BTMS consisting of liquid, air, and TEC to cool simulated thermal loads . In
this system, a cylindrical thermal load, encapsulated in a copper housing, suspends lithium-ion battery cells
in a water tank, cooled by a TEC system, and further by fans [Figure 10A]. By supplying a constant voltage
of 40 V to the heating module and 12 V to the TEC device, the heating module simulated a 1C discharge
rate of lithium-ion cells for one hour. After completing the thermal load test, the simulated lithium-ion cell
surface temperature dropped from 328 to 285 K, achieving a significant temperature reduction. Luo et al.
developed a novel BTMS integrated with TEC and PCM, employing a fin framework to improve heat
transfer [Figure 10B] . They developed a transient thermal-electric-flow multi-physics numerical model to
[89]
comprehensively analyze the system’s thermal. The results showed that increasing the TEC input current, as
well as the length and thickness of the fins, effectively lowered the maximum temperature and PCM liquid
fraction.

Lyu et al. proposed a novel battery pack design integrated with a BTMS, which includes a combination of
TEC with liquid and air circulation [Figure 10C] . The heat produced by the battery pack is transferred to
[90]
the cold side of the TEC and subsequently dissipated into the surrounding environment through a heat
sink. Results indicated that the voltage values of the blower and pump significantly affect the performance
of the cooling system. Performance validation of the BTMS was conducted using simulated battery packs.
For the 40 V test, the TEC-based BTMS reduced the battery pack temperature by approximately 20 K
compared to pure liquid cooling. During the 30 V power supply test, the battery pack temperature remained
below 303 K for 5,000 s. Furthermore, under continuous discharge conditions with a 50 V input, the battery
pack temperature remained below 333 K for 3,000 s, which is considered an extreme condition for battery
operation.

Luo et al. developed a BTMS integrating TEC with both water and air cooling [Figure 11A], and established
a coupled thermal-electric-fluid multi-physics model to assess the system’s thermal performance . Their
[68]
numerical simulations investigated the effects of various cooling parameters, such as TEC input current, air
convective heat transfer coefficient, and cooling water flow rate. Results indicated that introducing TEC into
battery thermal management can enhance cooling capacity compared to conventional air and water cooling
methods. The cooling power and COP of the TEC increased first and then decreased with rising input
current. Optimal thermal performance was achieved with an air convective heat transfer coefficient of
50 W·m ·K , a water flow rate of 0.11 m·s , and a TEC input current of 5 A, resulting in the highest
-1
2
-1
temperature and temperature difference of 302.27 and 3.63 K, respectively. Nevertheless, these cooling
parameters are interrelated, and selecting appropriate cooling parameters is crucial for balancing the
thermal performance and energy consumption of the BTMS. Chang et al. developed a TEC-based BTMS
designed to ensure high-temperature uniformity for space lithium-ion batteries .
[91]
Figure 11B illustrates the traditional thermal management approach, which employs a single-phase fluid
loop for cooling and electric heaters for heating. In this system, the waste heat from the lithium-ion battery
pack (LIBP) is absorbed by a cold plate positioned beneath the LIBP and transferred via the fluid loop to a
satellite radiator. The radiator then releases heat into space, effectively cooling both the LIBP and other
satellite components. When the LIBP temperature drops, it is heated by the electric heater. Overall, the
integration of the single-phase fluid loop and electric heaters maintains the LIBP temperature within a
desirable range. The TEC-based high-temperature uniformity BTMS features a setup with 16 lithium-ion
batteries, a battery mounting base, 16 TECs, 32 TEC heat transfer blocks (either cold or hot side), a cold
plate heat exchanger, insulation material, and a battery pack outer casing, along with control unit and drive