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Jung et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:15 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.02 Page 17 of 44

Figure 5. Tear-based wearable electrochemical sensors for diabetes mellitus. (A) Scheme of needle-type tear glucose sensor.
Reproduced with permission [220] . Copyright 2011, American Chemical Society; (B) Design of flexible glucose sensor attachable to contact
lens. Reproduced with permission [221] . Copyright 2010, Elsevier B.V.; (C) Optical image of a contact lens integrated with amperometric
glucose sensor. Reproduced with permission [222] . Published by Elsevier B.V.; (D) Integrated transparent contact lens capable of
transmitting data wirelessly and measuring glucose and Intraocular pressure. Reproduced with permission [223] . Copyright 2017, The
Authors; (E) Schematic representation of a soft, wireless contact lens with integrations of electrochemical glucose sensor and display
that serve as feedback indicators. Reproduced with permission [224] . Copyright 2017, The Authors; (F) Smart contact lenses for
continuous glucose monitoring and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Reproduced with permission [225] . Copyright 2017, The Authors;
(G) A wearable tear-collecting eyeglasses system with a microfluidic electrochemical detector. Reproduced with permission [226] .
Copyright 2019 Elsevier B.V. PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane; f-DDS: flexible drug deliver system; CE: counter electrode; WE: working
electrode; RE: reference electrode.

a microneedle-based amperometric electrochemical glucose sensor was developed to collect microliter
[220]
volumes of tears with capillary tubes . The sensor consisted of platinum/iridium (Pt/Ir) wire immobilized