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Page 22 of 44 Jung et al. Soft Sci 2024;4:15 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ss.2024.02

Table 6. Commercially available wearable electrochemical glucose sensor for DM management
Lifetime Calibration Warm-up
Biofluids Company Enzyme Detection range
(days) (fingersticks) (minutes)
ISF Abbott FreeStyleLibre3 GO 14 40-500 mg/dL - 60
X
ISF DexCom G7 GO X 10 40-400 mg/dL - 30
ISF Medtronic GO X 7 50-400 mg/dL - 40 (up to 120)
TM
Guardian Sensor 3
ISF A.Menarini Diagnostics GO 14 40-400 mg/dL 1/day 55
X
GlucoMen Day CGM
ISF ISENS Caresens Air GDH-FAD 15 40-500 mg/dL 1/day 120
DM: Diabetes mellitus; ISF: interstitial fluid; GO : glucose oxidase; GDH-FAD: glucose dehydrogenase flavin adenine dlinucleotide.
X

Figure 7. ISF-based wearable electrochemical sensors for diabetes mellitus. (A) Optical and SEM images of microneedle array
[241]
electrodes and in-vivo data obtained after positioning the microneedle array electrodes on the forearm. Reproduced with permission .
Copyright 2016, The Author(s); (B) The optical and illustration images of wireless CGM system paired with smartphone app. The
associated data comprises continuous monitoring of ISF glucose levels over an extended period using the wireless CGM system,
[242]
compared against glucose readings obtained via a glucometer on days 1, 7, and 14. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2023,
American Chemical Society; (C) The optical image of non-invasive blood glucose sensors attached on the wrist, and its on-body blood
glucose sensing properties of the non-invasive glucose sensors attached on hand back of healthy volunteers. Reproduced with
permission [244] . Copyright 2021, Elsevier B.V.; (D) Photographs of wearable patch for glucose monitoring in ISF on the skin. The data
compares hourly normalized ISF glucose (blue bars) and blood glucose (red bars) profiles. The line plot depicts the real offset between
ISF glucose (blue line) and blood glucose (red line) obtained from the differences in monitoring each biofluid. Reproduced with
permission [245] . Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. CGM: Continuous glucose monitoring; ISF: interstitial fluid; SEM: scanning
electron microscopy.