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Figure 9. Multiplexed biosensors coupling multi-chemical biomarkers for monitoring diabetes mellitus. (A) Fully integrated sensor
arrays for multiplexed monitoring of glucose, lactates, sodium, potassium and skin temperature in sweat. Reproduced with
permission [34] . Copyright 2016, Springer Nature Limited; (B) Eyeglasses-based sensor platform for monitoring glucose, lactate and
potassium ions. Reproduced with permission [251] . Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; (C) A flexible biosensor integrated with
curved needle for the measurement of electrical conductivity, pH, glucose and lactate. Reproduced with permission [252] . Copyright 2020,
American Chemical Society; (D) A band-type wearable platform with flexible sensor array for simultaneous monitoring of glucose,
lactate, pH, and temperature. Reproduced with permission [253] . Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V.; (E) Schematic representation of
microneedle platform for real-time continuous glucose/ketone monitoring in ISF. Reproduced with permission [257] . Copyright 2020,
American Chemical Society; (F) Touch-based β-HB/glucose sweat sensing device for personalized health monitoring. Reproduced with
[258]
permission . Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society; (G) A microfluidic chip integrating dual assays for simultaneous
[259]
measurements of glucose and insulin. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim; (H) Portable aptamer-based biosensor chip for non-invasive simultaneous monitoring of glucose and insulin. Reproduced
[260]
with permission . Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (I) Epidermal patch-type biosensor platform capable of
[262]
simultaneous alcohol sensing in sweat and glucose sensing in ISF. Reproduced with permission . Copyright 2018 The Authors.
Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim; (J) Wearable microneedle-based biosensor arrays for real-time
sensing of alcohol and glucose in ISF. Reproduced with permission [263] . Copyright 2022, The Authors, under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Limited; (K) Flexible biosensor for label-free detection of cortisol and glucose using non-faradaic electron-ionic charge transfer.
Reproduced with permission [265] . Copyright 2016, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved; (L) Wearable cortisol and glucose biosensor using
monoclonal antibody-oriented approach. Reproduced with permission [266] . Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society; (M) A wearable
electrochemical biosensor for monitoring of multiple metabolites and nutrients. Reproduced with permission [267] . Copyright 2022, The
Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Limited. RE: Reference electrode; CE: counter electrode; PVA: poly(vinyl alcohol);
ISF: interstitial fluid; β-HB: β-hydroxybutyrate.