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Kapaki et al. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2020;7:319-29 Neuroimmunology
DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2019.26 and Neuroinflammation

Case Report Open Access

Biomarker-based diagnosis of cognitive disorders in
a case series

Elisabeth Kapaki , Vasilios C. Constantinides , Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis , Panagiotis G. Paraskevas ,
2
1
1
1
John D. Papatriantafyllou , George P. Paraskevas 1
3
1 Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Units, 1st Department of Neurology, National and
Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, Athens 11528, Greece.
2 Department of Nursing, Technological Educational Institute of Crete, School of Health and Welfare Services, Heraklion,
Stauromenos 71004, Crete, Greece.
3 Third Age Day Care Center IASIS, Athens-Glyfada & Memory Clinic, Medical Center Athens-Marousi, Maroussi, Athens 15125,
Greece.
Correspondence to: Dr. Efstratios-Stylianos Pyrgelis, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Neurochemistry and Biological Markers
Units, 1st Department of Neurology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Eginition Hospital, 72
Vas. Sophias Ave, Athens 11528, Greece. E-mail: stratospyrg@yahoo.gr

How to cite this article: Kapaki E, Constantinides VC, Pyrgelis ES, Paraskevas PG, Papatriantafyllou JD, Paraskevas GP. Biomarker-
based diagnosis of cognitive disorders in a case series. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 2020;7:319-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/2347-8659.2019.26

Received: 28 Dec 2019 First Decision: 8 Apr 2020 Revised: 7 May 2020 Accepted: 26 May 2020 Available online: 12 Jul 2020

Academic Editor: Athanassios P. Kyritsis Copy Editor: Cai-Hong Wang Production Editor: Jing Yu

Abstract
The classical cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s Disease (namely total tau, phospho-tau and amyloid
beta peptide) have received much attention, since they can detect the biochemical fingerprint of Alzheimer’s
disease and serve as a diagnostic aid for correct diagnosis of cognitive disorders during life. In this case series, we
present 6 examples of patients with cognitive impairment of various types and severities and how biomarker data
were helpful in every day diagnostic approach, combined with clinical, neuropsychological and imaging data and
based on the most recent guidelines and recommendations.

Keywords: Cerebrospinal fluid, tau, phospho-tau, amyloid-beta, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia,
vascular cognitive impairment

INTRODUCTION
Until relatively recently, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was diagnosed according to clinical criteria proposed
[1]
more than 30 years ago, requiring the patient to be demented . With time it became evident that
© The Author(s) 2020. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
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