Page 85 - Read Online
P. 85
develop more effective targeted therapies. 19. Greenhouse AH, Bicknell JM, Pesch RN, Seelinger DF. Myotonia,
myokymia, hyperhidrois and wasting of muscle. Neurology
1967;17:263‑8.
Financial support and sponsorship 20. Irani PF, Purohit AV, Wadia NH. The syndrome of continuous muscle
Nil. fiber activity. Evidence to suggest proximal neurogenic causation. Acta
Neurol Scand 1977;55:273‑88.
Conflicts of interest 21. Black JT, Garcia‑Mullin R, Good E, Brown S. Muscle rigidity in a
There are no conflicts of interest. newborn due to continuous peripheral nerve hyperactivity. Arch
Neurol 1972;27:413‑25.
22. Vasilescu C, Alexianu M, Dan A. Muscle hypertrophy and a
REFERENCES syndrome of continuous motor unit activity in prednisone‑responsive
Guillain‑Barré polyneuropathy. J Neurol 1984;231:276‑9.
1. Gutman GA, Chandy KG, Grissmer S, Lazdunski M, McKinnon D, 23. Maddison P. Neuromyotonia. Clin Neurophysiol 2006;117:2118‑27.
Pardo LA, Robertson GA, Rudy B, Sanguinetti MC, Stühmer W, 24. Shillito P, Molenaar PC, Vincent A, Leys K, Zheng W, van den Berg
Wang X. International Union of Pharmacology. LIII. Nomenclature RJ, Plomp JJ, van Kempen GT, Chauplannaz G, Wintzen AR, et
and molecular relationships of voltage‑gated potassium channels. al. Acquired neuromyotonia: evidence for autoantibodies directed
Pharmacol Rev 2005;57:473‑508. against K+channels of peripheral nerves. Ann Neurol 1995;38:714‑22.
2. Iorio R, Lennon VA. Neural antigen‑specific autoimmune disorders. 25. Browne DL, Gancher ST, Nutt JG, Brunt ER, Smith EA, Kramer P,
Immunol Rev 2012;248:104‑21. Litt M. Episodic ataxia/myokymia syndrome is associated with point
3. Irani SR, Alexander S, Waters P, Kleopa KA, Pettingill P, Zuliani L, mutations in the human potassium channel gene, KCNA1. Nat Genet
Peles E, Buckley C, Lang B, Vincent A. Antibodies to Kv1 potassium 1994;8:136‑40.
channel‑complex proteins leucine‑rich, glioma inactivated 1 protein 26. Rana SS, Ramanathan RS, Small G, Adamovich B. Paraneoplastic
and contactin‑associated protein‑2 in limbic encephalitis, Morvan’s Isaacs’ syndrome: a case series and review of the literature. J Clin
syndrome and acquired neuromyotonia. Brain 2010;133:2734‑48. Neuromuscul Dis 2012;13:228‑33.
4. Klein CJ, Lennon VA, Aston PA, McKeon A, O’Toole O, Quek A, 27. Walsh JC. Neuromyotonia: an unusual presentation of intrathoracic
Pittock SJ. Insights from LGI1 and CASPR2 potassium channel malignancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1086‑91.
complex autoantibody subtyping. JAMA Neurol 2013;70:229‑34. 28. Partanen VS, Soininen H, Saksa M, Riekkinen P. Electromyographic
5. Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, Becker AJ, Blümcke I, Graus F, and nerve conduction findings in a patient with neuromyotonia,
Jellinger KA, Reuss DE, Ribalta T, Schlegel J, Sutton I, Lassmann H, normocalcemic tetany and small‑cell lung cancer. Acta Neurol Scand
Bauer J. Immunopathology of autoantibody‑associated encephalitides: 1980;61:216‑26.
clues for pathogenesis. Brain 2012;135:1622‑38. 29. García‑Merino A, Cabello A, Mora JS, Liaño H. Continuous muscle
6. Hart IK, Waters C, Vincent A, Newland C, Beeson D, Pongs O, Morris fiber activity, peripheral neuropathy, and thymoma. Ann Neurol
C, Newsom‑Davis J. Autoantibodies detected to expressed K+channels 1991;29:215‑8.
are implicated in neuromyotonia. Ann Neurol 1997;41:238‑46. 30. Perini M, Ghezzi A, Basso PF, Montanini R. Association of
7. Barber PA, Anderson NE, Vincent A. Morvan’s syndrome associated neuromyotonia with peripheral neuropathy, myasthenia gravis and
with voltage‑gated K+channel antibodies. Neurology 2000;54:771‑2. thymoma: a case report. Ital J Neurol Sci 1994;15:307‑10.
8. Thieben MJ, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, Aksamit AJ, Keegan M, Vernino 31. Caress JB, Abend WK, Preston DC, Logigian EL. A case of Hodgkin’s
S. Potentially reversible autoimmune limbic encephalitis with neuronal lymphoma producing neuromyotonia. Neurology 1997;49:258‑9.
potassium channel antibody. Neurology 2004;62:1177‑82. 32. Forte F, Pretegiani E, Battisti C, Sicurelli F, Federico A. Neuromyotonia
9. Vincent A, Buckley C, Schott JM, Baker I, Dewar BK, Detert N, Clover as paraneoplastic manifestation of bladder carcinoma. J Neurol Sci
L, Parkinson A, Bien CG, Omer S, Lang B, Rossor MN, Palace J. 2009;280:111‑2.
Potassium channel antibody‑associated encephalopathy: a potentially 33. Issa SS, Herskovitz S, Lipton RB. Acquired neuromyotonia as
immunotherapy‑responsive form of limbic encephalitis. Brain a paraneoplastic manifestation of ovarian cancer. Neurology
2004;127:701‑12. 2011;76:100‑1.
10. Irani SR, Buckley C, Vincent A, Cockerell OC, Rudge P, Johnson 34. Skeie GO, Apostolski S, Evoli A, Gilhus NE, Hart IK, Harms L,
MR, Smith S. Immunotherapy‑responsive seizure‑like episodes with Hilton‑Jones D, Melms A, Verschuuren J, Horge HW. Guidelines for
potassium channel antibodies. Neurology 2008;71:1647‑8. the treatment of autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorders.
11. Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, Pettingill P, Waters P, Johnson MR, Eur J Neurol 2006;13:691‑9.
Schott JM, Armstrong RJ, A SZ, Bleasel A, Somerville ER, Smith 35. McKnight K, Jiang Y, Hart Y, Cavey A, Wroe S, Blank M, Shoenfeld
SM, Vincent A. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody Y, Vincent A, Palace J, Lang B. Serum antibodies in epilepsy and
limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol 2011;69:892‑900. seizure‑associated disorders. Neurology 2005;65:1730‑6.
12. Tan KM, Lennon VA, Klein CJ, Boeve BF, Pittock SJ. Clinical spectrum 36. Geschwind MD, Tan KM, Lennon VA, Barajas RF Jr, Haman A, Klein
of voltage‑gated potassium channel autoimmunity. Neurology CJ, Josephson SA, Pittock SJ. Voltage‑gated potassium channel
2008;70:1883‑90. autoimmunity mimicking creutzfeldt‑jakob disease. Arch Neurol
13. Majoie HJ, de Baets M, Renier W, Lang B, Vincent A. Antibodies to 2008;65:1341‑6.
voltage‑gated potassium and calcium channels in epilepsy. Epilepsy 37. Emery EC, Young GT, Berrocoso EM, Chen L, McNaughton PA. HCN2
Res 2006;71:135‑41. ion channels play a central role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
14. Somers KJ, Lennon VA, Rundell JR, Pittock SJ, Drubach DA, Trenerry Science 2011;333:1462‑6.
MR, Lachance DH, Klein CJ, Aston PA, McKeon A. Psychiatric 38. Takeda M, Tsuboi Y, Kitagawa J, Nakagawa K, Iwata K, Matsumoto
manifestations of voltage gated potassium‑channel complex S. Potassium channels as a potential therapeutic target for trigeminal
autoimmunity. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;23:425‑33. neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Mol Pain 2011;7:5.
15. Knowles CH, Lang B, Clover L, Scott SM, Gotti C, Vincent A, Martin JE. 39. Ocaña M, Cendán CM, Cobos EJ, Entrena JM, Baeyens JM. Potassium
A role for autoantibodies in some cases of acquired non‑paraneoplastic channels and pain: present realities and future opportunities. Eur J
gut dysmotility. Scand J Gastroenterol 2002;37:166‑70. Pharmacol 2004;500:203‑19.
16. Dhamija R, Tan KM, Pittock SJ, Foxx‑Orenstein A, Benarroch E, 40. Rosch RE, Bamford A, Hacohen Y, Wraige E, Vincent A, Mewasingh
Lennon VA. Serologic profiles aiding the diagnosis of autoimmune L, Lim M. Guillain‑Barre syndrome associated with Caspr2 antibodies:
gastrointestinal dysmotility. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:988‑92. two paediatric cases. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2014;19:246‑9.
17. Klein CJ, Lennon VA, Aston PA, McKeon A, Pittock SJ. Chronic pain 41. Knowles CH, De Giorgio R, Kapur RP, Bruder E, Farrugia G, Geboes
as a manifestation of potassium channel‑complex autoimmunity. K, Lindberg G, Martin JE, Meier‑Ruge WA, Milla PJ, Smith VV,
Neurology 2012;79:1136‑44. Vandervinden JM, Veress B, Wedel T. The London Classification of
18. Isaacs H. A syndrome of continuous muscle‑fibre activity. J Neurol gastrointestinal neuromuscular pathology: report on behalf of the
Neurosurg Psychiatry 1961;24:319‑25. Gastro 2009 International Working Group. Gut 2010;59:882‑7.
76 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 3 | March 28, 2016