Page 44 - Read Online

Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears apoptosis. J Cell Biol 2006;175:209-15.
to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell 1988;52:269-79. 27. Peltier DC, Simms A, Farmer JR, Miller DJ. Human neuronal cells
2. Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate possess functional cytoplasmic and TLR-mediated innate immune
immunity. Cell 2006;124:783-801. pathways influenced by phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase signaling. J
3. Kawai T, Akira S. TLR signaling. Cell Death Differ 2006;13:816-25. Immunol 2010;184:7010-21.
4. Kumar H, Kawai T, Akira S. Pathogen recognition in the innate 28. Li Y, Li H, Zhang Y, Sun X, Hanley GA, LeSage G, Zhang Y,
immune response. Biochem J 2009;420:1-16. Sun S, Peng Y, Yin D. Toll-like receptor 2 is required for opioids-
5. Wagner H. Endogenous TLR ligands and autoimmunity. Adv induced neuronal apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun
Immunol 2006;91:159-73. 2010;391:426-30.
6. Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S, Krug A, Jahrsdörfer B, 29. Tang SC, Arumugam T V, Xu X, Cheng A, Mughal MR, Pivotal
Giese T, Endres S, Hartmann G. Quantitative expression of toll-like role for neuronal Toll-like receptors in ischemic brain injury and
receptor 1-10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood functional deficits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007;104:13798-803.
mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. 30. van der Kleij HP, Ma D, Redegeld FA, Kraneveld AD, Nijkamp
J Immunol 2002;168:4531-7. FP, Bienenstock J. Functional expression of neurokinin 1 receptors
7. Kawasaki T, Kawai T. Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Front on mast cells induced by IL-4 and stem cell factor. J Immunol
Immunol 2014;5:461. 2003;171:2074-9.
8. Tak PP, Firestein GS. NF-kappaB: a key role in inflammatory 31. Rijnierse A, Kroese AB, Redegeld FA, Blokhuis BR, van der
diseases. J Clin Invest 2001;107:7-11. Heijden MW, Koster AS, Timmermans JP, Nijkamp FP, Kraneveld
9. Prehaud C, Megret F, Lafage M, Lafon M. Virus infection switches AD. Immunoglobulin-free light chains mediate antigen-specific
TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of responses of murine dorsal root ganglion neurons. J Neuroimmunol
beta interferon. J Virol 2005;79:12893-904. 2009;208:80-86.
10. Wadachi R, Hargreaves KM. Trigeminal nociceptors express TLR- 32. Downes CE, Crack PJ. Neural injury following stroke: are Toll-like
4 and CD14: a mechanism for pain due to infection. J Dent Res receptors the link between the immune system and the CNS? Br J
2006;85:49-53. Pharmacol 2010;160:1872-88.
11. Lafon M, Megret F, Lafage M, Prehaud C. The innate immune 33. Snoek SA, Verstege MI, Boeckxstaens GE, van den Wijngaard
facet of brain: human neurons express TLR-3 and sense viral RM, de Jonge WJ. The enteric nervous system as a regulator of
dsRNA. J Mol Neurosci 2006;29:185-194. intestinal epithelial barrier function in health and disease. Expert
12. Jackson AC, Rossiter JP, Lafon M. Expression of Toll-like receptor 3 Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;4:637-51.
in the human cerebellar cortex in rabies, herpes simplex encephalitis, 34. Wood JD. Visceral pain: spinal afferents, enteric mast cells, enteric
and other neurological diseases. J Neurovirol 2006;12:229-34. nervous system and stress. Curr Ph Des 2011;17(16):1573-5.
13. Barajon I, Serrao G, Arnaboldi F, Opizzi E, Ripamonti G, Balsari 35. Trudler D, Farfara D, Frenkel D. Toll-like receptors expression and
A, Rumio C. Toll-like receptors 3, 4, and 7 are expressed in the signaling in glia cells in neuro-amyloidogenic diseases: towards future
enteric nervous system and dorsal root ganglia. J Histochem therapeutic application. Mediators Inflamm 2010; pii: 497987
Cytochem 2009;57:1013-23. 36. Drouin-Ouellet J, Cicchetti F. Inflammation and neurodegeneration:
14. Goethals S, Ydens E, Timmerman V, Janssens S. Toll-like receptor the story “retolled.” Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012;33:542-51.
expression in the peripheral nerve. Glia 2010;58:1701-9. 37. Li HY, Yuan ZY, Wang YG, Wan HJ, Hu J, Chai YS, Lei F, Xing
15. Kurt-Jones EA, Chan M, Zhou S, Wang J, Reed G, Bronson R, DM, DU LJ. Role of baicalin in regulating Toll-like receptor 2/4 after
Arnold MM, Knipe DM, Finberg RW. Herpes simplex virus 1 ischemic neuronal injury. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012;125:1586-93.
interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to lethal encephalitis. 38. Paulino AD, Ubhi K, Rockenstein E, Adame A, Crews L, Letendre
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:1315-20. S, Ellis R, Everall IP, Grant I, Masliah E. Neurotoxic effects of the
16. Zhou Y, Ye L, Wan Q, Zhou L, Wang X, Li J, Hu S, Zhou D, Ho HCV core protein are mediated by sustained activation of ERK via
W. Activation of Toll-like receptors inhibits herpes simplex virus-1 TLR2 signaling. J Neurovirol 2011;17327-340.
infection of human neuronal cells. J Neurosci Res 2009;87:2916-25. 39. Ziegler G, Harhausen D, Schepers C, Hoffmann O, Röhr C, Prinz
17. McKimmie CS, Fazakerley JK. In response to pathogens, glial V, König J, Lehrach H, Nietfeld W, Trendelenburg G. TLR2 has
cells dynamically and differentially regulate Toll-like receptor gene a detrimental role in mouse transient focal cerebral ischemia.
expression. J Neuroimmunol 2005;169:116-25. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;359:574-9.
18. Jack CS, Arbour N, Manusow J, Montgrain V, Blain M, McCrea E, 40. Tang SC, Lathia JD, Selvaraj PK, Hoffmann O, Röhr C, Prinz
Shapiro A, Antel JP. TLR signaling tailors innate immune responses V, König J, Lehrach H, Nietfeld W, Trendelenburg G. Toll-like
in human microglia and astrocytes. J Immunol 2005;175:4320-30. receptor-4 mediates neuronal apoptosis induced by amyloid
19. Olson JK, Miller SD. Microglia initiate central nervous system beta-peptide and the membrane lipid peroxidation product
innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs. J 4-hydroxynonenal. Exp Neurol 2008;213:114-21.
Immunol 2004;1733916-24. 41. Hua F, Ma J, Ha T, Kelley JL, Kao RL, Schweitzer JB, Kalbfleisch
20. Bsibsi M, Ravid R, Gveric D, van Noort JM. Broad expression of Toll- JH, Williams DL, Li C. Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in
like receptors in the human central nervous system. J Neuropathol acute focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Brain Res
Exp Neurol 2002;61:1013-021. 2009;1262:100-108.
21. Ochoa-Cortes F, Ramos Lomas T, Miranda-Morales M, 42. Ziegler G, Freyer D, Harhausen D, Khojasteh U, Nietfeld W,
Spreadbury I, Ibeakanma C, Barajas-Lopez C, Vanner S. Bacterial Trendelenburg G. Blocking TLR2 in vivo protects against accumulation
Cell Products Signal to Mouse Colonic Nociceptive Dorsal Root of inflammatory cells and neuronal injury in experimental stroke. J
Ganglia Neurons. Am J Physiol liver Physiol 2010;299:G723-32. Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011;31:757-66.
22. Esposito G, Capoccia E, Turco F, Palumbo I, Lu J, Steardo A, 43. Anitha M, Vijay-Kumar M, Sitaraman S V, Gewirtz AT, Srinivasan S.
Cuomo R, Sarnelli G, Steardo L1. Palmitoylethanolamide improves Gut microbial products regulate murine gastrointestinal motility via
colon inflammation through an enteric glia/toll like receptor Toll-like Receptor 4 signaling. Gastroenterology 2012;143:1006-16.
4-dependent PPAR-alpha activation. Gut 2014;63:1300-12. 44. Chuang JH, Chuang HC, Huang CC, Wu CL, Du YY, Kung
23. Turco F, Sarnelli G, Cirillo C, Palumbo I, De Giorgi F, D’Alessandro ML, Chen CH, Chen SC, Tai MH. Differential toll-like receptor
A, Cammarota M, Giuliano M, Cuomo R. Enteroglial-derived 3 (TLR3) expression and apoptotic response to TLR3 agonist in
S100B protein integrates bacteria-induced Toll-like receptor human neuroblastoma cells. J Biomed Sci 2011;18:65.
signalling in human enteric glial cells. Gut 2014;63:105-15. 45. Zhou L, Wang X, Wang YJ, Activation of toll-like receptor-3 induces
24. Cameron JS, Alexopoulou L, Sloane JA, DiBernardo AB, Ma interferon-lambda expression in human neuronal cells. Activation
Y, Kosaras B, Flavell R, Strittmatter SM, Volpe J, Sidman R, of toll-like receptor-3 induces interferon-lambda expression in
Vartanian T. Toll-like receptor 3 is a potent negative regulator of human neuronal cells. Neuroscience 2009;159:629-37.
axonal growth in mammals. J Neurosci 2007;27:13033-41. 46. Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, Gale Jr M, Diamond MS.
25. Ma Y, Haynes RL, Sidman RL, Vartanian T. TLR8: an innate immune Toll-like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus
receptor in brain, neurons and axons. Cell Cycle 2007;6:2859-68. infection. J Virol 2008;82:10349-58.
26. Ma Y, Li J, Chiu I, Wang Y, Sloane JA, Lü J, Kosaras B, Sidman 47. Letiembre M, Liu Y, Walter S, Hao W, Pfander T, Wrede A, Schulz-
RL, Volpe JJ, Vartanian T. Toll-like receptor 8 functions as a Schaeffer W, Fassbender K. Screening of innate immune receptors
negative regulator of neurite outgrowth and inducer of neuronal in neurodegenerative diseases: a similar pattern. Neurobiol Aging

Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 3 | Issue 2 | February 15, 2016 35