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Review
Neuronal toll-like receptors and neuro-immunity
in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and
stroke
Carmen D. Rietdijk , Richard J. A. van Wezel , Johan Garssen , Aletta D. Kraneveld 1
2,3
1,4
1
1 Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht,
the Netherlands.
2 Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, MIRA, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, the Netherlands.
3 Department of Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 GL Nijmegen,
the Netherlands.
4 Nutricia Research, Utrecht Science Park, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Aletta D. Kraneveld’s research team focuses on the role of the gut-immune-brain-axis in chronic inflammatory and
neurological disorders combining expertises of immunology, pharmacology, microbiology and neuroscience. She has
published over 80 papers.
A B S T R AC T
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are part of the innate immune system and can initiate an immune response upon exposure to harmful
microorganisms. Neuronal TLRs are considered to be part of an established framework of interactions between the immune system
and the nervous system, the major sensing systems in mammals. TLRs in the nervous system and neuronal TLRs are suspected
to be important during inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this review is to offer an overview of the current
knowledge about TLRs in neurodegenerative pathologies, with a focus on Parkinson’s disease. More research focusing on the role
of TLRs in health and disease of the nervous system is needed and remains to be explored.
Key words: Neuron; toll-like receptor; Parkinson’s disease; Alzheimer’s disease; stroke; neurodegeneration; neurodevelopment; infection
INTRODUCTION was performed on April 14th 2015. This review aims
to offer an overview of the current knowledge about
Publications were first selected about toll-like TLRs in the nervous system and to show the relevance
receptors (TLRs) on neurons, and on TLRs for which of these receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies,
functional information in neurons was available. with a focus on Parkinson’s disease (PD).
Publications were also selected for their focus on
neurodegenerative diseases. The last literature search TLRs are the mammalian orthologue of Drosophila
Melanogaster’s toll receptor discovered in 1988.
[1]
TLRs are part of the innate immune system and belong
Corresponding Author: Dr. Aletta D. Kraneveld, Division of
Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences,
Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
CG Utrecht, the Netherlands. E-mail: A.D.Kraneveld@uu.nl Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows
others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the
author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
Access this article online
For reprints contact: service@oaepublish.com
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Website:
www.nnjournal.net Cite this article as: Rietdijk CD, van Wezel RJA, Garssen J, Kraneveld
AD. Neuronal toll-like receptors and neuro-immunity in Parkinson’s disease,
Alzheimer’s disease and stroke. Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation
DOI: 2016;3:27-37.
10.20517/2347-8659.2015.28
Received: 17-06-2015; Accepted: 20-09-2015
© 2016 Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation | Published by OAE Publishing Inc. 27
