Page 100 - Read Online
P. 100
10. Gassmann M, Shaban H, Vigot R, Sansig G, Haller C, Barbieri S,
Humeau Y, Schuler V, Muller M, Kinzel B, Klebs K, Schmutz M,
Froestl W, Heid J, Kelly PH, Gentry C, Jaton AL, Van der Putten H,
Mombereau C, Lecourtier L, Mosbacher J, Cryan JF, Fritschy JM, Luthi
A, Kaupmann K, Bettler B. Redistribution of GABAB (1) protein and
atypical GABAB responses in GABAB(2)‑deficient mice. J Neurosci
2004;24:6086‑97.
11. Benarroch EE. GABAB receptors: structure, functions, and clinical
implications. Neurology 2012;78:578‑84.
12. Bowery NG, Bettler B, Froestl W, Gallagher JP, Marshall F, Raiteri M,
Bonner TI, Enna SJ. International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIII.
Mammalian gamma‑aminobutyric acid(B) receptors: structure and
function. Pharmacol Rev 2002;54:247‑64.
13. Gambardella A, Manna I, Labate A, Chifari R, La Russa A, Serra
P, Cittadella R, Bonavita S, Andreoli V, LePiane E, Sasanelli F, Di
Costanzo A, Zappia M, Tedeschi G, Aguglia U, Quattrone A. GABA(B)
receptor 1 polymorphism (G1465A) is associated with temporal lobe
epilepsy. Neurology 2003;60:560‑3.
14. Wang X, Sun W, Zhu X, Li L, Wu X, Lin H, Zhu S, Liu A, Du T, Liu Y, Niu
N, Wang Y, Liu Y. Association between the gamma‑aminobutyric acid
Figure 1: Suggested algorithm for approach to suspected autoimmune type B receptor 1 and 2 gene polymorphisms and mesial temporal lobe
encephalitis. [61‑63] PERM: progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and epilepsy in a Han Chinese population. Epilepsy Res 2008;81:198‑203.
myoclonus; SMS: stiff‑man syndrome; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; CSF: 15. Enna SJ, Bowery NG. GABA (B) receptor alterations as indicators
cerebrospinal fluid of physiological and pharmacological function. Biochem Pharmacol
2004;68:1541‑8.
Financial support and sponsorship 16. Mombereau C, Kaupmann K, Froestl W, Sansig G, van der Putten H,
Nil. Cryan JF. Genetic and pharmacological evidence of a role for GABA(B)
receptors in the modulation of anxiety‑ and antidepressant‑like
behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:1050‑62.
Conflicts of interest 17. Hoftberger R, Titulaer MJ, Sabater L, Dome B, Rozsas A, Hegedus
There are no conflicts of interest. B, Hoda MA, Laszlo V, Ankersmit HJ, Harms L, Boyero S, de Felipe
A, Saiz A, Dalmau J, Graus F. Encephalitis and GABAB receptor
REFERENCES antibodies: novel findings in a new case series of 20 patients. Neurology
2013;81:1500‑6.
1. Dalmau J, Tuzun E, Wu HY, Masjuan J, Rossi JE, Voloschin A, Baehring 18. Kruer MC, Hoeftberger R, Lim KY, Coryell JC, Svoboda MD, Woltjer RL,
JM, Shimazaki H, Koide R, King D, Mason W, Sansing LH, Dichter MA, Dalmau J. Aggressive course in encephalitis with opsoclonus, ataxia,
Rosenfeld MR, Lynch DR. Paraneoplastic anti‑N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate chorea, and seizures: the first pediatric case of gamma‑aminobutyric
receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma. Ann Neurol acid type B receptor autoimmunity. JAMA Neurol 2014;71:620‑3.
2007;61:25‑36. 19. Mundiyanapurath S, Jarius S, Probst C, Stocker W, Wildemann B,
2. Lai M, Hughes EG, Peng X, Zhou L, Gleichman AJ, Shu H, Mata S, Bosel J. GABA‑B‑receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic brainstem
Kremens D, Vitaliani R, Geschwind MD, Bataller L, Kalb RG, Davis encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2013;259:88‑91.
R, Graus F, Lynch DR, Balice‑Gordon R, Dalmau J. AMPA receptor 20. Jeffery OJ, Lennon VA, Pittock SJ, Gregory JK, Britton JW, McKeon
antibodies in limbic encephalitis alter synaptic receptor location. Ann A. GABAB receptor autoantibody frequency in service serologic
Neurol 2009;65:424‑34. evaluation. Neurology 2013;81:882‑7.
3. Lai M, Huijbers MG, Lancaster E, Graus F, Bataller L, Balice‑Gordon 21. Kim TJ, Lee ST, Shin JW, Moon J, Lim JA, Byun JI, Shin YW, Lee KJ,
R, Cowell JK, Dalmau J. Investigation of LGI1 as the antigen in limbic Jung KH, Kim YS, Park KI, Chu K, Lee SK. Clinical manifestations
encephalitis previously attributed to potassium channels: a case series. and outcomes of the treatment of patients with GABAB encephalitis. J
Lancet Neurol 2010;9:776‑85. Neuroimmunol 2014;270:45‑50.
4. Lancaster E, Lai M, Peng X, Hughes E, Constantinescu R, Raizer 22. Boronat A, Sabater L, Saiz A, Dalmau J, Graus F. GABA(B) receptor
J, Friedman D, Skeen MB, Grisold W, Kimura A, Ohta K, Iizuka T, antibodies in limbic encephalitis and anti‑GAD‑associated neurologic
Guzman M, Graus F, Moss SJ, Balice‑Gordon R, Dalmau J. Antibodies disorders. Neurology 2011;76:795‑800.
to the GABA(B) receptor in limbic encephalitis with seizures: case series 23. Jarius S, Steinmeyer F, Knobel A, Streitberger K, Hotter B, Horn S,
and characterisation of the antigen. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:67‑76. Heuer H, Schreiber SJ, Wilhelm T, Trefzer U, Wildemann B, Ruprecht
5. Flanagan EP, McKeon A, Lennon VA, Boeve BF, Trenerry MR, Tan KM, K. GABAB receptor antibodies in paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia. J
Drubach DA, Josephs KA, Britton JW, Mandrekar JN, Lowe V, Parisi Neuroimmunol 2013;256:94‑6.
JE, Pittock SJ. Autoimmune dementia: clinical course and predictors of 24. DeFelipe‑Mimbrera A, Masjuan J, Corral I, Villar LM, Graus F,
immunotherapy response. Mayo Clin Proc 2010;85:881‑97. Garcia‑Barragan N. Opsoclonus‑myoclonus syndrome and limbic
6. Quek AM, Britton JW, McKeon A, So E, Lennon VA, Shin C, Klein C, encephalitis associated with GABAB receptor antibodies in CSF. J
Watson RE Jr, Kotsenas AL, Lagerlund TD, Cascino GD, Worrell GA, Neuroimmunol 2014;272:91‑3.
Wirrell EC, Nickels KC, Aksamit AJ, Noe KH, Pittock SJ. Autoimmune 25. Farrant M, Nusser Z. Variations on an inhibitory theme: phasic and tonic
epilepsy: clinical characteristics and response to immunotherapy. Arch activation of GABA(A) receptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2005;6:215‑29.
Neurol 2012;69:582‑93. 26. Tretter V, Moss SJ. GABA(A) receptor dynamics and constructing
7. Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, Tilley DH, Glaser CA. The frequency GABAergic synapses. Front Mol Neurosci 2008;1:7.
of autoimmune N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses 27. Benarroch EE. GABAA receptor heterogeneity, function, and
that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the implications for epilepsy. Neurology 2007;68:612‑4.
California Encephalitis Project. Clin Infect Dis 2012;54:899‑904. 28. Macdonald RL, Kang JQ, Gallagher MJ. Mutations in GABAA receptor
8. Lancaster E, Martinez‑Hernandez E, Dalmau J. Encephalitis and subunits associated with genetic epilepsies. J Physiol 2010;588:1861‑9.
antibodies to synaptic and neuronal cell surface proteins. Neurology 29. Tanaka M, Olsen RW, Medina MT, Schwartz E, Alonso ME, Duron
2011;77:179‑89. RM, Castro‑Ortega R, Martinez‑Juarez IE, Pascual‑Castroviejo I,
9. Bettler B, Kaupmann K, Mosbacher J, Gassmann M. Molecular Machado‑Salas J, Silva R, Bailey JN, Bai D, Ochoa A, Jara‑Prado A,
structure and physiological functions of GABA(B) receptors. Physiol Pineda G, Macdonald RL, Delgado‑Escueta AV. Hyperglycosylation
Rev 2004;84:835‑67. and reduced GABA currents of mutated GABRB3 polypeptide
Neuroimmunol Neuroinfammation | Volume 3 | March 28, 2016 91