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with CPO showed a significant increase in TNF-α Administration of galantamine partially attenuates the
levels early following treatment. However, while the effects of chlorpyrifos oxon on Aβ peptide levels and amyloid
TNF-α levels in the liver and blood returned to baseline plaque load
within several days, the levels in the brain remained As a potential therapeutic approach, we determined
elevated for up to 12 months. Finally, brain sections the impact of galantamine (a competitive and
from the APP mice treated with and without CPO reversible cholinesterase inhibitor) that can protect
during lactation were subject to immunohistochemistry against organophosphorus insecticides [Figure 10].
for GFAP [Figure 7e]. As shown in figure, GFAP was
significantly elevated in the CPO treated mice compared
with the control animals.

Furthermore, we analyzed the protein carbonyl content (a
biomarker of reactive oxygen species) in the brain of the
APP mice, and found that the level of oxidized proteins
was significantly increased (> 50%) in mice treated with
CPO than in the control APP mice [Figure 8].

Administration of chlorpyrifos oxon decreases brain
neurotrophic factors
To further characterize the changes in brain following
treatment with CPO, APP mice were evaluated for
neurotrophic factor levels [Figure 9]. Following
treatment with CPO, mice were examined for nerve
growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and Figure 8: Protein carbonyl content in the brains of amyloid precursor protein
(APP) transgenic mice treated with and without chlorpyrifos oxon. Extracts
neurotrophin-3 levels in the brain [Table 3]. As shown from the brains of APP transgenic mice were analyzed for the level of oxidized
in figure, all treatments significantly reduced the proteins by OxiSelect and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. Values are
expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean, n = 12 per group. *Statistically
neurotrophic factor levels in the brain. significant (P < 0.05)

a b

c
Figure 9: Treatment of amyloid precursor protein (APP) mice with chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO) results in a decrease in neurotrophic factors. Brain nerve growth factor,
brain‑derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin‑3 levels (panels a, b and c, respectively) were determined by enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay in APP
mice (control) and APP mice treated with CPO (CPO). Values are shown as the mean ± standard error of the mean, and n = 12. *Statistically significant (P < 0.05)

38 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | January 15, 2015