Page 21 - Read Online
P. 21

In the present ongoing study, we determined and    We presented the preliminary analysis of our ongoing
           correlated DC subpopulations as well as expression of   study on the immunity of patients with glioblastomas.
           KPNA2 in patients with glioblastomas. Since KPNA2   Our first results comprise a limited studied population;
           is thought to mediate the nuclear import of certain   therefore, far reaching conclusions may not be drawn.
           transcription factors, which may induce the maturation   However, our data may be taken into consideration
           of DCs, a certain correlation has been expected. Indeed,   in order to design future larger relevant studies, in
           our  preliminary  analysis  suggests an association   particular animal models with knock out techniques
           between low KPNA2 nuclear expression and increased   that may further clarify the role of importins in the
           numbers of mature DCs. However, this correlation did   maturation of DCs and in general in the immunological
           not reach statistical significance so far (Fisher exact   abnormalities observed in patients with glioblastomas.
           test, P = 0.077) probably due to the limited studied
           population. The observed inverse correlation between   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
           KPNA2 expression and counts of mature DCs is not
           surprising, since higher KPNA2 expression [14]  and   We thank Alexandra Breuer for her excellent assistance and
           decreased counts of mature DCs  have been both found   technical support.
                                      [4]
           to characterize patients with malignant gliomas, The
           idea of the possible role of KPNA2 also in the regulation   REFERENCES
           of the immunity of glioblastoma patients is tempting;
           in such a case an additional therapeutic target for the   1.   Zisakis  A,  Piperi  C,  Themistocleous  MS,  Korkolopoulou  P,
                                                                  Boviatsis  EI, Sakas  DE, Patsouris  E, Lea  RW, Kalofoutis  A.
           immunotherapy may have been identified.                Comparative analysis of peripheral and localised cytokine secretion
                                                                  in glioblastoma patients. Cytokine 2007;39:99‑105.
           To our best knowledge, this is the first study focusing   2.   Fecci  PE, Mitchell  DA, Whitesides  JF, Xie  W, Friedman  AH,
           on the role of importins in the maturation of DCs. Some   Archer GE, Herndon JE 2nd, Bigner DD, Dranoff G, Sampson JH.
                                                                  Increased regulatory T‑cell fraction amidst a diminished CD4
           evidence of a role of karyopherins (only exportins) in   compartment explains cellular immune defects in patients with
           the function of DCs has been previously elucidated. [33]    malignant glioma. Cancer Res 2006;66:3294‑302.
           Chemnitz  et  al. [33]  studied in  vitro  the role of the   3.   Gousias K, Markou M, Arzoglou V, Voulgaris S, Vartholomatos G,
           exportin chromosome region maintenance protein 1/      Kostoula A, Polyzoidis K, Kyritsis AP. Frequent abnormalities of the
           exportin 1(CRM1) in the maturation and activation      immune system in gliomas and correlation with the WHO grading
                                                                  system of malignancy. J Neuroimmunol 2010;226:136‑42.
           of DCs. Inhibition of CRM1 by Leptomycin B down    4.   Gousias K, von Ruecker A, Voulgari P, Simon M. Phenotypical
           regulated the expression of the co-stimulatory molecule   analysis, relation to malignancy and prognostic relevance of
           CD83 and abrogated the ability of allogeneic T cell    ICOS+T regulatory and dendritic cells in patients with gliomas.
           stimulation. [33]                                  5.   J Neuroimmunol 2013;264:84‑90.
                                                                  Banchereau J, Briere F, Caux C, Davoust J, Lebecque S, Liu YJ,
                                                                  Pulendran B, Palucka K. Immunobiology of dendritic cells. Annu
           Established prognostic molecular biomarkers, such      Rev Immunol 2000;18:767‑811.
           as MGMT promoter methylation and IDH-1 mutation    6.   Fong L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy.
           status were also included in our analysis. Patients   7.   Annu Rev Immunol 2000;18:245‑73.
                                                                  Dalod  M, Chelbi  R, Malissen  B, Lawrence  T. Dendritic cell
           with low KPNA2 expression exhibit frequently (not      maturation: functional specialization through signaling specificity
           statistically significant) mutant IDH-1-R132H (Fisher’s   and transcriptional programming. EMBO J 2014;33:1104‑16.
           exact test: P  =  0.071). The clinical history of the   8.   Pahl HL. Activators and target genes of Rel/NF‑kappaB transcription
           patients with mutant IDH-1-R132H status (sudden    9.   factors. Oncogene 1999;18:6853‑66.
                                                                  Cunningham  MD, Cleaveland  J, Nadler  SG. An intracellular
           onset of symptoms < 3 months) does not suggest         targeted NLS peptide inhibitor of karyopherin alpha: NF‑kappa B
           a secondary genesis of glioblastomas. However, a       interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;300:403‑7.
           possible association between lower KPNA2 expression   10.  Chen YC, Su YN, Chou PC, Chiang WC, Chang MC, Wang LS,
           and genesis of secondary glioblastomas could not be    Teng  SC, Wu  KJ. Overexpression of NBS1 contributes to
           excluded. An inverse correlation of KPNA2 expression   transformation through the activation of phosphatidylinositol
                                                                  3‑kinase/Akt. J Biol Chem 2005;280:32505‑11.
           and IDH-1 immunostaining in patients with malignant   11.  Teng SC, Wu KJ, Tseng SF, Wong CW, Kao L. Importin KPNA2,
           gliomas was found also previously. [14]                NBS1, DNA repair and tumorigenesis. J Mol Histol 2006;37:293‑9.
                                                              12.  Tseng SF, Chang CY, Wu KJ, Teng SC. Importin KPNA2 is required
           Furthermore, we tested whether expression of KPNA2     for proper nuclear localization and multiple functions of NBS1. J Biol
                                                                  Chem 2005;280:39594‑600.
           and DC subpopulations correlated with clinical factors,   13.  Zannini L, Lecis D, Lisanti S, Benetti R, Buscemi G, Schneider C,
           such as gender, age, preoperative and postoperative    Delia  D. Karyopherin‑alpha2 protein interacts with Chk2 and
           Karnofsky Index, preoperative presence of seizures or   contributes to its nuclear import. J Biol Chem 2003;278:42346‑51.
           neurological deficits, tumor diameter, tumor eloquence   14.  Gousias K, Becker AJ, Simon M, Niehusmann P. Nuclear karyopherin
                                                                  a2: a novel biomarker for infiltrative astrocytomas. J Neurooncol
           and degree of resection. No significant associations   2012;109:545‑53.
           were found.                                        15.  Gousias  K, Niehusmann  P, Gielen  G, Simon  M, Boström J.




          Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 2 | Issue 1 | January 15, 2015                            13
   16   17   18   19   20   21   22   23   24   25   26