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Table 1: Major leukocyte inflammatory mediators and smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal
targeted therapies for intracranial aneurysms subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1993;24:639‑46.
8. Krex D, Schackert HK, Schackert G. Genesis of cerebral
Major Targeted therapies for aneurysms – an update. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2001;143:429‑48.
molecules intracranial aneurysms
9. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Egashira K, Hashimoto N.
Common inflammatory Impact of monocyte chemoattractant protein‑1 deficiency on
mediators cerebral aneurysm formation. Stroke 2009;40:942‑51.
TNF-α DTH [18] 10. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Morimoto M, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N.
NF-κB Decoy ODN [45] Macrophage‑derived matrix metalloproteinase‑2 and ‑9 promote
Ets-1 Decoy ODN [45] the progression of cerebral aneurysms in rats. Stroke 2007;38:162‑9.
VCAM-1 11. Bruno G, Todor R, Lewis I, Chyatte D. Vascular extracellular matrix
iNOS
L-selectin remodeling in cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg 1998;89:431‑40.
MCP-1 7ND [9] 12. Frösen J, Piippo A, Paetau A, Kangasniemi M, Niemelä M,
SDF-1 Blocking anti-SDF-1 antibody [47] Hernesniemi J, Jaaskelainen J. Remodeling of saccular cerebral
Macrophages artery aneurysm wall is associated with rupture: histological analysis
IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-23 of 24 unruptured and 42 ruptured cases. Stroke 2004;35:2287‑93.
MIP-1α 13. Kanematsu Y, Kanematsu M, Kurihara C, Tada Y, Tsou TL, van
Cathepsins NC-23000 [56] Rooijen N, Lawton MT, Young WL, Liang EI, Nuki Y, Hashimoto T.
MMP-2, MMP-9 Tolylsam (selective) and Critical roles of macrophages in the formation of intracranial
doxycline (broad) [10,49,52] aneurysm. Stroke 2011;42:173‑8.
Neutrophils 14. Kilic T, Sohrabifar M, Kurtkaya O, Yildirim O, Elmaci I, Günel M,
IL-1β Pamir M. Expression of structural proteins and angiogenic factors
Neutrophil elastase in normal arterial and unruptured and ruptured aneurysm walls.
Lymphocytes Neurosurgery 2005;57:997‑1007.
IFN-γ 15. Shi C, Awad IA, Jafari N, Lin S, Du P, Hage ZA, Shenkar R, Getch C,
IL-6
Mast cells Bredel M, Batjer H, Bendok B. Genomics of human intracranial
IL-1, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, Degranulation inhibitors (tranilast aneurysm wall. Stroke 2009;40:1252‑61.
IL-8, IL-13 and emedastine difumarate) [65] 16. Aoki T, Nishimura M, Matsuoka T, Yamamoto K, Furuyashiki T,
TGF-β Kataoka H, Kitaoka S, Ishibashi R, Ishibazawa A, Miyamoto S,
TNF‑α: tumor necrosis factor‑alpha; DTH: 3,6’dithiothalidomide; NF‑κB: nuclear Morishita R, Ando J, Hashimoto N, Nozaki K, Narumiya S.
factor‑κB; ODN: oligodeoxynucleotide; VCAM‑1: vascular cell adhesion molecule; PGE(2) ‑EP(2) signalling in endothelium is activated by
iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; MCP‑1: monocyte chemoattractant haemodynamic stress and induces cerebral aneurysm through an
protein‑1; 7ND: N‑terminal deletion variant of MCP‑1; SDF‑1: stromal amplifying loop via NF‑kappaB. Br J Pharmacol 2011;163:1237‑49.
cell‑derived factor 1; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; MIP‑1α: macrophage 17. Ali MS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF,
inflammatory proteins‑1‑alpha; IFN‑γ: interferon gamma; TGF‑β: transforming Rosenwasser RH, Owens GK, Koch WJ, Greig NH, Dumont AS.
growth factor beta; IL: interleukin
TNF‑α induces phenotypic modulation in cerebral vascular smooth
muscle cells: implications for cerebral aneurysm pathology. J Cereb
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112 Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | April 15, 2015