Page 107 - Read Online
P. 107
that has been associated with aneurysm formation, an updated systematic review of epidemiological studies. Stroke
growth, and rupture. In effect, the physicochemical 2005;36:2773‑80.
stress that occurs in intracranial arteries may lead to 18. Broderick JP, Brown RD Jr, Sauerbeck L, Hornung R, Huston J
3rd, Woo D, Anderson C, Rouleau G, Kleindorfer D, Flaherty ML,
exposure and deposition of complement-activating Meissner I, Foroud T, Moomaw EC, Connolly ES; FIA Study
factors in the aneurysm wall, which later predispose Investigators. Greater rupture risk for familial as compared to sporadic
it to rupture. Specifically, assembly of MACs in the unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2009;40:1952‑7.
outer aneurysmal wall may be involved in the acute 19. Bonneville F, Sourour N, Biondi A. Intracranial aneurysms: an
overview. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2006;16:371‑82, vii.
mechanism of rupture. Future, multicenter studies 20. Turjman AS, Turjman F, Edelman ER. Role of fluid dynamics and
will need to compare a large number of aneurysmal inflammation in intracranial aneurysm formation. Circulation
samples to appropriate controls so that the aneurysm 2014;129:373‑82.
pathophysiology may be better understood. Furthermore, 21. Jamous MA, Nagahiro S, Kitazato KT, Tamura T, Aziz HA, Shono M,
Satoh K. Endothelial injury and inflammatory response induced by
the complement cascade may provide a target for future hemodynamic changes preceding intracranial aneurysm formation:
therapies in the treatment of aneurysms and SAH. experimental study in rats. J Neurosurg 2007;107:405‑11.
22. Meng H, Wang Z, Hoi Y, Gao L, Metaxa E, Swartz DD, Kolega J.
REFERENCES Complex hemodynamics at the apex of an arterial bifurcation
induces vascular remodeling resembling cerebral aneurysm
initiation. Stroke 2007;38:1924‑31.
1. Vlak MH, Algra A, Brandenburg R, Rinkel GJ. Prevalence of 23. Sho E, Sho M, Singh TM, Nanjo H, Komatsu M, Xu C, Masuda H,
unruptured intracranial aneurysms, with emphasis on sex, age, Zarins CK. Arterial enlargement in response to high flow requires
comorbidity, country, and time period: a systematic review and early expression of matrix metalloproteinases to degrade extracellular
meta‑analysis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:626‑36. matrix. Exp Mol Pathol 2002;73:142‑53.
2. Rinkel GJ, Algra A. Long‑term outcomes of patients with aneurysmal 24. Greenhill NS, Stehbens WE. Scanning electron microscopic
subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:349‑56. investigation of the afferent arteries of experimental femoral
3. Brown RD Jr, Broderick JP. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: arteriovenous fistulae in rabbits. Pathology 1987;19:22‑7.
epidemiology, natural history, management options, and familial 25. Chalouhi N, Ali MS, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF,
screening. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:393‑404. Rosenwasser RH, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. Biology of intracranial
4. Keedy A. An overview of intracranial aneurysms. Mcgill J Med aneurysms: role of inflammation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab
2006;9:141‑6. 2012;32:1659‑76.
5. van Gijn J, Kerr RS, Rinkel GJ. Subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet 26. Killer‑Oberpfalzer M, Aichholzer M, Weis S, Richling B, Jones R,
2007;369:306‑18. Virmani R, Cruise GM. Histological analysis of clipped human
6. Nieuwkamp DJ, Setz LE, Algra A, Linn FH, de Rooij NK, Rinkel GJ. intracranial aneurysms and parent arteries with short‑term follow‑up.
Changes in case fatality of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage Cardiovasc Pathol 2012;21:299‑306.
over time, according to age, sex, and region: a meta‑analysis. Lancet 27. Aoki T, Nishimura M, Matsuoka T, Yamamoto K, Furuyashiki T,
Neurol 2009;8:635‑42. Kataoka H, Kitaoka S, Ishibashi R, Ishibazawa A, Miyamoto S,
7. Al‑Khindi T, Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Cognitive and functional Morishita R, Ando J, Hashimoto N, Nozaki K, Narumiya S.
outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke PGE(2) ‑EP(2) signalling in endothelium is activated by
2010;41:e519‑36. haemodynamic stress and induces cerebral aneurysm through an
8. Krings T, Mandell DM, Kiehl TR, Geibprasert S, Tymianski M, amplifying loop via NF‑kB. Br J Pharmacol 2011;163:1237‑49.
Alvarez H, Terbrugge KG, Hans FJ. Intracranial aneurysms: from 28. Meng H, Tutino VM, Xiang J, Siddiqui A. High WSS or low WSS?
vessel wall pathology to therapeutic approach. Nat Rev Neurol Complex interactions of hemodynamics with intracranial aneurysm
2011;7:547‑59. initiation, growth, and rupture: toward a unifying hypothesis. AJNR
9. Holling M, Jeibmann A, Gerss J, Fischer BR, Wassmann H, Paulus W, Am J Neuroradiol 2014;35:1254‑62.
Hasselblatt M, Albert FK. Prognostic value of histopathological 29. Laaksamo E, Tulamo R, Liiman A, Baumann M, Friedlander RM,
findings in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Hernesniemi J, Kangasniemi M, Niemelä M, Laakso A, Frösen J.
2009;110:487‑91. Oxidative stress is associated with cell death, wall degradation,
10. Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJ. From GWAS to the clinic: risk factors for and increased risk of rupture of the intracranial aneurysm wall.
intracranial aneurysms. Genome Med 2010;2:61. Neurosurgery 2013;72:109‑17.
11. Sarma JV, Ward PA. The complement system. Cell Tissue Res 30. Kosierkiewicz TA, Factor SM, Dickson DW. Immunocytochemical
2011;343:227‑35. studies of atherosclerotic lesions of cerebral berry aneurysms.
12. Chalouhi N, Ali MS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1994;53:399‑406.
Gonzalez LF, Rosenwasser RH, Koch WJ, Dumont AS. Cigarette 31. Frösen J, Piippo A, Paetau A, Kangasniemi M, Niemelä M,
smoke and inflammation: role in cerebral aneurysm formation and Hernesniemi J, Jääskeläinen J. Remodeling of saccular cerebral
rupture. Mediators Inflamm 2012;2012:271582. artery aneurysm wall is associated with rupture: histological
13. Sforza DM, Putman CM, Cebral JR. Hemodynamics of cerebral analysis of 24 unruptured and 42 ruptured cases. Stroke
aneurysms. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 2009;41:91‑107. 2004;35:2287‑93.
14. Frösen J, Tulamo R, Paetau A, Laaksamo E, Korja M, Laakso A, 32. Kataoka K, Taneda M, Asai T, Kinoshita A, Ito M, Kuroda R.
Niemelä M, Hernesniemi J. Saccular intracranial aneurysm: Structural fragility and inflammatory response of ruptured cerebral
pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2012;123:773‑86. aneurysms. A comparative study between ruptured and unruptured
15. Juvela S, Hillbom M, Numminen H, Koskinen P. Cigarette cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1999;30:1396‑401.
smoking and alcohol consumption as risk factors for aneurysmal 33. Hosaka K, Hoh BL. Inflammation and cerebral aneurysms. Transl
subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1993;24:639‑46. Stroke Res 2014;5:190‑8.
16. Vlak MH, Rinkel GJ, Greebe P, Greving JP, Algra A. Lifetime risks 34. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Morishita R, Hashimoto N.
for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: multivariable risk Reduced collagen biosynthesis is the hallmark of cerebral aneurysm:
stratification. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84:619‑23. contribution of interleukin‑1beta and nuclear factor‑kappaB.
17. Feigin VL, Rinkel GJ, Lawes CM, Algra A, Bennett DA, van Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009;29:1080‑6.
Gijn J, Anderson CS. Risk factors for subarachnoid hemorrhage: 35. Ali MS, Starke RM, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF,
Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation | Volume 2 | Issue 2 | April 15, 2015 99