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DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Mrs. Kathy Lovas for her expert editorial assistance.

Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation, and acquisition: Ackerman JM, Sarkaria IS
Provided administrative, technical, and material support: Sarkaria IS, Luketich JD

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
None.

Conflicts of interest
Inderpal S. Sarkaria, MD, has received honoraria for consulting and speaking for Intuitive Surgical. James
D. Luketich, MD discloses the following: Consultant: Medtronic; CE Speaker’s Bureau: Covidien;
Stockholder: Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Cigna Corp., and Proctor & Gamble. Dr. Ackerman has no conflicts of
interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Patients provided consent for teaching purposes and publication of operative images.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2021.

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