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Rawn et al. J Environ Expo Assess 2024;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.04 Page 13 of 17

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Table 5. International PBDE concentrations (ng·g lipid) reported in human milk
Year(s) of
Country n Range Median Congeners included Ref.
collection
North America
Canada 298 0.473-257 14.6 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 2008-2011 Current study
Canada 298 0.071-267 15.6 Σ20 PBDE congeners 2008-2011 Current study
USA 31 4.79-18.6 15, 28, 47, 99, 153 2016-2020 Jung et al., 2023 [55]
10 8.78 (non-firefighters)
21 9.89 (firefighters)
USA 50 1.46-1,170 15.0 28, 47, 85, 99, 100, 139, 153, 154, 2019 Schreder et al.,
183 2023 [56]
South America
[57]
Brazil 200 0.14-6.5 (wet 2.33 (geometric mean, 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 2019-2020 Souza et al., 2022
weight, ww) ww)
Colombia 60 0.33-16.4 1.28 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 2014-2015 Torres-Moreno et al.,
[58]
2023
Europe Scandinavia
Denmark 438 1.22-111 4.90 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 1997-2002 Antignac et al.,
2016 [31]
Finland 22 1.47-19.0 5.19 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 1997-2002 Antignac et al.,
2016 [31]
[25]
Sweden 198 0.33-73 1.2; 1.3; 1.4; 1.8 (different 47 2000-2004 Glynn et al., 2011
locations) 99
100
< 0.1-17 0.3, 0.2, 0.2, 0.5
153
< 0.08-18 0.3, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4
0.2-8.0 0.6, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7
Other
Czech 231 0.05-0.99 (PBDE 0.15, 0.19 (2 locations, 47, 99, 153 individually 2019-2021 Parizek et al.,
Republic 47) PBDE 47) 2023 [59]
0.15-1.31 (PBDE Not calculated (PBDE 99)
99) 0.32 (1 location only
0.15-0.79 (PBDE calculated, PBDE 153)
153)
(5-95 percentile)
France 96 0.45-15.3 1.47 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 2011-2014 Antignac et al.,
2016 [31]
1
Ireland 16 1.7-24 2.5 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 2016-2018 Wemken et al.,
209 2020 [32]
Asia
-1
-1
China 36 7.9-2,980 (pg·g 32 pg·g ww 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 2018-2019 Lin et al., 2022 [60]
(Shanghai) ww) 209
China 105 0.458-157 1.1 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 2018 Zhao and Shi,
[33]
209 2021
Japan 40 < 0.2-69 1.5 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154 2005-2006 Fujii et al., 2012 [61]
Philippines 30 0.61-11 2.6 15, 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 2008 Malarvannan et al.,
[26]
196, 197, 207, 209 2013b
[23]
Vietnam 33 0.24-250 0.57, 0.73, 2.3, 3.2, 84 15, 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, 2007 Tue et al., 2010
(by site) 196, 197, 206, 207, 209
Middle East
Saudi Arabia 75 0.2-3.6 2.8 (quartile 1-3) 47, 99, 153, 209, identified Not specified Yakout et al.,
[62]
2023
1
Pooled samples. PBDE: Polybrominated diphenyl ether.