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Page 14 of 17 Rawn et al. J Environ Expo Assess 2024;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.04

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Table 6. International HBCD concentrations (ng·g lipid) reported in human milk
HBCD isomers Year(s) of
Country n Range Median Ref.
included Collection
North America
Canada 298 0.010-7.66 0.303 Σα-, β-, γ- 2008-2011 Current study
Europe Scandinavia
Denmark 435 0.02-28.7 0.31 α- 1997-2002 Antignac et al.,
[31]
2016
Finland 22 0.03-2.19 0.31 α- 1997-2002 Antignac et al.,
[31]
2016
Sweden 178 0.09-10 0.3, < 0.4, 0.4, 0.4 Not specified 2000-2004 Glynn et al., 2011 [25]
(by region) (GC-MS analysis)
Other
[59]
Czech Republic 231 0.25-17.1 Not calculated α- 2019-2021 Parizek et al., 2023
-1
(ng·mL )
France 41 0.22-4.21 0.56 α- 2011-2014 Antignac et al.,
2016 [31]
1
Ireland 16 0.83-3.6 1.8 Σα-, β-, γ- 2016-2018 Wemken et al.,
[32]
2020
Asia
[33]
China 105 2.84-196 7.64 Σα-, β-, γ- 2018 Zhao and Shi, 2021
Philippines 30 < 0.01-0.91 0.19 Σα-, β-, γ- 2008 Malarvannan et al.,
[26]
2013b
Vietnam, some individuals 33 0.07-7.6 0.33, 0.42, 0.38, 0.36, Σα-, β-, γ- 2007 Tue et al., 2021 [23]
involved in recycling 2.0 (by site)
1
pooled samples. HBCD: Hexabromocyclododecane; GC-MS: gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the participants in the study and their families. The authors also acknowledge the
MIREC Study Group, in particular the site investigators, in addition to their field staff and the coordinating
centre. The authors thank Sue Quade for carefully reviewing the manuscript and tracking reference
formatting.

Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study and performed data analysis and
interpretation: Rawn DFK, Arbuckle TE
Performed data acquisition, as well as providing administrative, technical, and material support: Sadler AR,
Casey VA, Breton F, Sun WF, Feng SY

Availability of data and materials
The data that has been used is confidential.

Financial support and sponsorship
MIREC was funded by Health Canada’s Chemicals Management Plan, the Canadian Institute of Health
Research (grant MOP-81285), and the Ontario Ministry of the Environment.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.