Page 66 - Read Online

Rawn et al. J Environ Expo Assess 2024;3:16 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2024.04 Page 15 of 17

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Participants consented to participate in the study and ethics Board approval was obtained from Health
Canada’s ethics board, the ethics board of the MIREC coordination centre at CHU Sainte Justine, Québec,
and the ethics board at each of the research centres (Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Hamilton, Kingston,
Ottawa, Sudbury, Toronto, Montréal and Halifax) (REB 2006-027H).

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2024.

REFERENCES
1. Alaee M, Arias P, Sjödin A, Bergman A. An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use
patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environ Int 2003;29:683-9. DOI PubMed
2. Guardia MJ, Hale RC, Harvey E. Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-,
octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 2006;40:6247-54. DOI PubMed
3. Rahman F, Langford KH, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Sci Total Environ
2001;275:1-17. DOI PubMed
4. Kemmlein S, Herzke D, Law RJ. BFR-governmental testing programme. Environ Int 2003;29:781-92. DOI PubMed
5. Alshemmari H. Inventories and assessment of POPs in the State of Kuwait as a basis for Stockholm Convention implementation.
Emerg Contam 2021;7:88-98. DOI
6. Li Y, Chen L, Wen ZH, et al. Characterizing distribution, sources, and potential health risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs) in office environment. Environ Pollut 2015;198:25-31. DOI PubMed
7. Sun J, Wang Q, Zhuang S, Zhang A. Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Hangzhou, China: level,
role of electric appliances, and human exposure. Environ Pollut 2016;218:942-9. DOI PubMed
8. Betts KS. Hand-me-down hazard: flame retardants in discarded foam products. Environ Health Perspect 2015;123:A56-63. DOI
PubMed PMC
9. Cao Z, Xu F, Li W, et al. Seasonal and particle size-dependent variations of hexabromocyclododecanes in settled dust: implications for
sampling. Environ Sci Technol 2015;49:11151-7. DOI PubMed
10. Ding N, Wang T, Chen SJ, et al. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in indoor and outdoor air in a community in Guangzhou, a
megacity of southern China. Environ Pollut 2016;212:457-63. DOI PubMed
11. Zheng X, Xu F, Chen K, et al. Flame retardants and organochlorines in indoor dust from several e-waste recycling sites in South
China: composition variations and implications for human exposure. Environ Int 2015;78:1-7. DOI PubMed
12. Iwegbue CM, Eyengho SB, Egobueze FE, et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor dust from
electronic repair workshops in southern Nigeria: implications for onsite human exposure. Sci Total Environ 2019;671:914-27. DOI
13. Birnbaum LS, Staskal DF. Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:9-17. DOI PubMed
PMC
14. Jaspers V, Covaci A, Maervoet J, et al. Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene
noctua) from Belgium. Environ Pollut 2005;136:81-8. DOI PubMed
15. Law K, Halldorson T, Danell R, et al. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg
(Canada) food web. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006;25:2177-86. DOI PubMed
16. Ueno D, Isobe T, Ramu K, et al. Spatial distribution of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
and organochlorines in bivalves from Japanese coastal waters. Chemosphere 2010;78:1213-9. DOI PubMed
17. Polder A, Venter B, Skaare JU, Bouwman H. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and HBCD in bird eggs of South Africa. Chemosphere
2008;73:148-54. DOI PubMed
18. Shaw SD, Berger ML, Brenner D, Kannan K, Lohmann N, Päpke O. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and
hexabromocyclododecane in the northwest Atlantic marine food web. Sci Total Environ 2009;407:3323-9. DOI PubMed
19. McKinney MA, Letcher RJ, Aars J, et al. Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East
Greenland and Svalbard, 2005-2008. Environ Int 2011;37:365-74. DOI PubMed
20. Vorkamp K, Rigét FF, Bossi R, Dietz R. Temporal trends of hexabromocyclododecane, polybrominated diphenyl ethers and
polychlorinated biphenyls in ringed seals from East Greenland. Environ Sci Technol 2011;45:1243-9. DOI PubMed
21. Rawn DF, Sadler A, Quade SC, et al. Brominated flame retardants in Canadian chicken egg yolks. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem
Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011;28:807-15. DOI PubMed PMC
22. Sørmo EG, Salmer MP, Jenssen BM, et al. Biomagnification of polybrominated diphenyl ether and hexabromocyclododecane flame
retardants in the polar bear food chain in Svalbard, Norway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006;25:2502-11. DOI PubMed