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Yang et al. PANDA, LincRNA-p21, PUMA in Xuanwei

Table 5: Expression of LincRNA-p21, PANDA and PUMA in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma
Gene Adenocarcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma P
LincRNA-p21 Xuanwei 15.23 ± 1.31 15.09 ± 1.53 0.56
Non-Xuanwei 12.31 ± 1.73 12.18 ± 2.05 0.58
PANDA Xuanwei 14.38 ± 1.64 14.22 ± 1.88 0.74
Non-Xuanwei 14.11 ± 1.31 14.01 ± 2.15 0.82
PUMA Xuanwei 5.09 ± 1.15 5.33 ± 1.84 0.64
Non-Xuanwei 7.39 ± 1.98 7.36 ± 2.76 0.86

Table 6: Expression of LincRNA-p21, PANDA, PUMA in smokers and non-smokers
Gene Non-Smoker Smoking < 400 Smoking > 400
LincRNA-p21 Xuanwei 15.19 ± 1.01 15.14 ± 1.21 15.16 ± 2.02
Non Xuanwei 12.95 ± 2.13 13.16 ± 1.73 14.74 ± 2.11*
PANDA Xuanwei 14.37 ± 1.21 14.37 ± 1.53 14.38 ± 1.74
Non Xuanwei 14.08 ± 0.88 14.15 ± 1.29 14.14 ± 1.29
PUMA Xuanwei 5.31 ± 1.47 5.33 ± 1.91 5.32 ± 1.12
Non Xuanwei 7.31 ± 1.82 7.33 ± 1.46 7.34 ± 2.05
*P ＜ 0.05 (comparing non-smokers with smokers with smoking index < 400 and > 400)
DISCUSSION Table 7: Expression of LincRNA-p21, PANDA and PUMA
in lung cancer patients from Xuanwei
The Xuanwei region of Yunnan, China, has a high Spearman correlation
incidence of lung cancer. The characteristics of lung Gene Tissue type R P
[2]
cancer in Xuanwei are: (1) the mortality rate of lung LincRNA-p21 Cancer tissue 0.08 0.62
cancer in Xuanwei was 28.20/100,000 in 1973-1975, and PUMA Normal tissue 0.12 0.33
0.07
Cancer tissue
PANDA and
0.58
in 1990-1992 it was 40.29/100,000, and in 2004-2005 PUMA Normal tissue 0.14 0.28
it was 83.28/100,000, which were higher than the LincRNA-p21 Cancer tissue 0.81 0.00
average of the entire Yunnan and the national average; and PANDA Normal tissue 0.77 0.00
(2) lung cancer caused death 10-15 years earlier than Table 8: Expression of LincRNA-p21, PANDA and PUMA
the national average age; (3) lung cancer incidence is in lung cancer patients from non-Xuanwei areas
high among female population whereas the sex ratio Spearman correlation
(male:female) is low in other places like Netherland Gene Tissue type R P
(16.32), Sweden (4.15), China (2.01), whereas in it is LincRNA-p21 Cancer tissue 0.06 0.67
1.09. In the small town of Laibin in Xuanwei the sex ratio and PUMA Normal tissue 0.35 0.04
for the incidence of lung cancer is 0.87, with females PANDA and Cancer tissue 0.08 0.62
0.42
0.00
Normal tissue
PUMA
being affected more than males; (4) the incidence of LincRNA-p21 Cancer tissue 0.84 0.00
lung cancer in Xuanwei area may be familial. and PANDA Normal tissue 0.71 0.00
Indoor burning of bituminouscoal, leading to indoor air through mitochondrial caspase. [8,9] It is well known
pollution, is considered to be the main reason for the that repeated DNA damage can be carcinogenic, and
high incidence of lung cancer in Xuanwei. Polyaromatic tumor suppressor p53 increases as a response to DNA
hydrocarbons (PAHs), nano silica particles and other damage. Burning of coal produces numerous harmful
substances in bituminouscoal dust and smoke are pollutants and carcinogens which causes damage to
thought to be the causes of lung cancer. [6,7] In 1970, DNA. At the molecular level, DNA damage is sensed
the Chinese government implemented a policy at all by human protein kinase ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia,
levels to improve coal burning stoves which could lead mutated), leading to phosphorylation and activation
to improvement of indoor air quality. Despite these of ATM. Downstream phosphorylation and activation
efforts, lung cancer incidence is still high and with an of TP53, together with RUNX3, activate transcription
increasing trend. of downstream mediators as a response to injury to
DNA. [10]
The development of lung cancer is a complex
biological process which is multistep and multifactorial. In our previous study with 25 patients of lung cancer
It not only includes the activation and inactivation of (adenocarcinoma and squamous cell cancer) from
oncogenes and tumor suppressor gene respectively, Xuanwei, we found differences in 33 genes, of which
but also has close relationship with apoptosis. LincRNA-p21 was one of them. As a result, we chose
There are two pathways of apoptosis of which one to study LincRNA-p21. In this study, we focused on
is the activation of the apoptotic caspase through three selected mediators of TP53 response: PUMA,
extracellular signaling while the other is release of LincRNA-p21 and PANDA. PUMA is a member of the
cytochrome C and activation of apoptotic enzyme BCL2 family and is an important mediator of apoptosis.
68 Journal of Cancer Metastasis and Treatment ¦ Volume 3 ¦ March 27, 2017