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Sorrentino et al. Role of A 2B receptor in cancer

microenvironment, including immune suppression, barrier to overcome for tumor immunologists. Cancer Immunol Res
angiogenesis and metastasis [Figure 1]. Despite 2014;2:598-605.
these evidence, further studies are needed to 12. Vaupel P, Mayer A. Hypoxia-driven adenosine accumulation: a crucial
microenvironmental factor promoting tumor progression. Adv Exp
better investigate thoroughly the mechanisms by Med Biol 2016;876:177-83.
which blockers of this receptor limit tumor growth. 13. Leone RD, Lo YC, Powell JD. A2aR antagonists: next generation
Understanding the relative role of A receptor in checkpoint blockade for cancer immunotherapy. Comput Struct
2B
tumor, depending on the cell types, on its distribution Biotechnol J 2015;13:265-72.
and expression, will help to potentially apply A 14. Allard B, Longhi MS, Robson SC, Stagg J. The ectonucleotidases
2B
receptor-targeting agents for cancer treatment. CD39 and CD73: novel checkpoint inhibitor targets. Immunol Rev
2017;276:121-44.
Authors’ contributions 15. Antonioli L, Pacher P, Vizi ES, Haskó G. CD39 and CD73 in immunity
and inflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013;19:355-67.
Conceived and designed the study: C. Sorrentino, S. 16. Yegutkin GG. Enzymes involved in metabolism of extracellular
Morello nucleotides and nucleosides: functional implications and measurement
Performed literature search and prepared manuscript: of activities. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014;49:473-97.
C. Sorrentino, S. Morello 17. Fredholm BB, Ijzerman AP, Jacobson KA, Klotz KN, Linden J.
Revised the manuscript: S. Morello International Union of Pharmacology. XXV. Nomenclature and
classification of adenosine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:527-52.
Financial support and sponsorship 18. Borea PA, Gessi S, Merighi S, Varani K. Adenosine as a multi-
None. signalling guardian angel in human diseases: when, where and
how does it exert its protective effects? Trends Pharmacol Sci
2016;37:419-34.
Conflicts of interest 19. Sitaraman SV, Merlin D, Wang L, Wong M, Gewirtz AT, Si-Tahar M,
There are no conflicts of interest. Madara JL. Neutrophil-epithelial crosstalk at the intestinal lumenal
surface mediated by reciprocal secretion of adenosine and IL-6. J
Patient consent Clin Invest 2001;107:861-9.
There is no patient involved. 20. Lynge J, Schulte G, Nordsborg N, Fredholm BB, Hellsten Y.
Adenosine A 2B receptors modulate cAMP levels and induce CREB
Ethics approval but not ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscle cells.
Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003;307:180-7.
This article does not contain any studies with human 21. Fang Y, Olah ME. Cyclic AMP-dependent, protein kinase
participants or animals. A-independent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase
1/2 following adenosine receptor stimulation in human umbilical
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