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Chen et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500120 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.311 Page 19 of 21

Council, Taiwan, R.O.C, under the contract NSTC 113-2221-E-006-195-MY3 for this study. This research is
also supported in part by Higher Education Sprout Project, Ministry of Education to the Headquarters of
University Advancement at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU).

Authors’ contributions
Conceptualization, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, project administration, resources,
software, supervision, writing - review & editing: Chen, W. H.
Data collection, formal analysis, investigation, writing - original draft: Aishwarya, K.; Sardar, K.

Availability of data and materials
The data used for this study are confidential.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was financially supported by the National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan, R.O.C,
under the contract NSTC 113-2221-E-006-195-MY3 for this study. This research is also supported in part by
Higher Education Sprout Project, Ministry of Education to the Headquarters of University Advancement at
National Cheng Kung University (NCKU).

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2025.

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