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Page 8 of 14 Zhuang et al. Energy Mater. 2025, 5, 500015 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2024.90

Figure 4. (A) The electrical conductivity comparison of BZCYG4411 and other reported electrolytes; (B) Arrhenius plots of electrical
conductivity of BZCYG4411 measured at 500-700 °C; (C) The TECs of BZCYG4411 and NiO-BZCYG4411 anode support measured at
room temperature to 1,000 °C; (D) The linear shrinkages of the BZCYG4411 and NiO-BZCYG4411 versus temperature.

presented in Figure 4D. They both had a smaller degree of shrinkage until 1,010.36 °C. The shrinkage of Ni-
BZCYG4411 anode support occurs earlier than the shrinkage of BZCYYb1711 (at 1,155 °C), which may
facilitate the densification of electrolyte [41,42] .

The matched thermal properties between the electrolyte and cathode materials are the crucial factors
influencing the thermal-mechanical stability of PCFCs. Considering the special structure of microtubular
PCFCs, the matching of thermal properties becomes more important, so a new low thermal expansion
material, BSNCF oxides, was selected. Figure 5A shows the XRD pattern of BSNCF obtained using the SSR
method and sintered at 1,150 °C for 20 h, indicating a pure phase with a typical double-perovskite crystal
structure. Figure 5B shows the TEC of BSNCF measured from room temperature to 1,000 °C. The TEC
value of BSNCF is 13.9 × 10 K , significantly lower than that of PBSCF oxide . Figure 5C compares the
-1
[43]
-6
TEC values of BZCYYb1711 and other Co-based or new cathode materials, such as La Sr Co Fe O
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.8
3-δ
(LSCF, 21.4 ×10 K ) , Ba Sr Co Fe O (BSCF, 23.6 ×10 K ) , Ba La Fe Zn O (BLFZ,
-1 [44]
-6
-1 [45]
-6
0.2
0.8
3-δ
0.95
3-δ
0.05
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.2
-1 [45]
-6
20.1 × 10 K ) , and BaCo Fe Zr Y O (BCFZY, 21.6 × 10 K ) . It can be observed that all of the
-6
-1 [46]
0.1 0.1
0.4
0.4
3-δ
Co-based materials have higher TEC values than BZCYYb1711 (10.18 × 10 K ) electrolyte, whereas BSNCF
-1
-6
[47]
has a TEC closer to that of BZCYYb1711, which may ensure better thermal compatibility in PCFCs .
Electrochemical performance and stability
Figure 6 summarizes the electrochemical performance and stability of the microtubular PCFC with BSNCF
cathodes. The I-V-P curves of the single cell measured at different temperatures are shown in Figure 6A.
The OCVs were 1.002, 1.040, and 1.085 V at 700, 650, and 600 °C, respectively, which are close to the