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Zhang et al. Energy Mater 2024;4:400043 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2023.102 Page 9 of 12

Figure 5. (A) Design of the SiO /G/C//NCM111 full cell; (B) Charging/discharging voltage profiles; (C) Cyclic performances of SiO x
x
-2
/G/C//NCM111 full cell at 1.0 mA·cm .
named C in Equation (4), could be calculated by the electrolyte, with the σ-value determining the D for
+
Li
SiO /G/C and other two electrodes. By establishing the connection between Z’ and ω in low-frequency
-1/2
x
part of EIS, the σ-values could be fitted and correlated to the slopes of the lines in Figure 4F, calculated
using :
[33]

The minimum σ-value observed for SiO /G/C indicates the superior Li diffusion coefficient, aligning well
+
x
with the cyclic performance and rate capability demonstrated in Figure 3.
To assess the application potential of the SiO /G/C, it is paired with a NCM111 cathode [Figure 5A]. In the
x
first step, SiO /G/C was combined with lithium foil and cycled multiple times until the coulombic efficiency
x
(CE) of the half-cell reached 99%. This step aimed to minimize initial lithium loss in full cells. Subsequently,
the delithiated SiO /G/C anode was paired with the NCM111 cathode, and the setup was cycled at
x
-2
-2
0.2 mA·cm for the first two cycles, followed by 1.0 mA·cm for subsequent cycles. The voltage curves of a
SiO /G/C//NCM111 full cell during charging and discharging at 2.8-4.2 V are depicted in Figure 5B. The
x
cell exhibits initial charging/discharging capacities of 275.2 and 201.8 mAh·g , respectively, delivering an
-1
ICE of 73%. Its cyclic performance is presented in Figure 5C, demonstrating satisfactory lithium storage of
116 mAh·g over 100 cycles. These results underscore the exceptional performance of SiO /G/C in full cells.
-1
x
CONCLUSIONS
In summary, to address the challenges of high volume variation and slow reaction dynamics associated with
SiO anodes, we devised a dual-carbon network utilizing 3D graphite and 1D CNTs through a
x
straightforward and highly effective ball milling and annealing process. This novel dual-carbon network,