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(2) Inorganic/inorganic composite electrolytes are also expected to resolve the issues associated with the
electrode/electrolyte interface, such as Li dendrite penetration, poor interfacial compatibility and large
interfacial resistance.

(3) Building smart electrode/electrolyte integrated architectures to suppress the shuttle effect of Li
polysulfides, alleviate lithium dendrites growth and improve ionic conductivity and interfacial capability
could be a direction of future research.

(4) The fundamental understanding of interfacial reaction, components and structure of interfacial products
and their various influence on interfacial electrochemical behavior and mechanisms is very important for
the future development of ASSLSBs.

(5) The interfacial evolution, role and dynamic characteristics should be investigated and understood by the
advanced characterization techniques during charge-discharge cycling, such as in-situ TEM, XPS, SEM,
AFM, XRD and operando UV-vis spectroscopy.

(6) The combination of experimental and theoretical calculation methods should be used to understand the
interfacial properties of ASSLSBs.

In addition, future research should focus on the loading of the sulfur cathode, which needs to be increased
for the high energy and power density of ASSLSBs. Much more work can be required to develop advanced
fabrication approaches, design realistic test cells, optimize the component ratios and balance the
relationship between safety and performance. Novel science and technology will help to drive the
commercial development of ASSLSBs.

DECLARATIONS
Author’s contributions
Methodology, conceptualization and writing - original draft: Tao T
Data curation: Tao T, Zheng Z, Gao Y
Writing - review &editing: Zheng Z, Gao Y
Formal analysis: Tao T, Zheng Z, Gao Y, Yu B, Fan Y, Chen Y, Huang S, Lu S

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by Guangdong Natural Science Foundation, China (Grant No. 2022A1515010015,
2019A1515012041), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51372042, 51872053,
51920105004), the NSFC-Guangdong Joint Fund (Grant No. U1501246), Guangdong Provincial Natural
Science Foundation (Grant No. 2015A030308004) and the Discovery program from the Australian Research
Council.

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.