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Tao et al. Energy Mater 2022;2:200036 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/energymater.2022.46 Page 27 of 35

Figure 14. Schematic illustration of mass manufacturing process of ASSLSBs (reproduced with permission from [204] ).

Finally, in comparison with Li-ion batteries, a number of disadvantages of ASSLSBs cannot be ignored in
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their practical application, such as lower volumetric energy density (682.3 vs. 727.5 Wh L ), considerable
lithium excess, the insulating nature of sulfur, the large dosage of electrolyte, safety hazards, poor cycle life,
poor low-temperature performance and serious self-discharge, which are more critical challenges for
ASSLSB development.

Overall, the commercial viability of ASSLSBs should be improved with advanced electrodes and electrolyte
materials, rational structural designs and smart manufacturing methods. Developing a ‘‘perfect’’ battery
system could contribute to cutting costs and time in the electrical market. However, a substantial
investment would also be required to accelerate the commercialization of ASSLSBs. Since parts of the
advantages of ASSLSBs system are lost when evaluated more practically, it could possibly take a couple of
years for ASSLSBs to be as broadly available as commercial Li-ion batteries are today.

CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVE
This review summarizes and discusses the origin and issues of electrode/SSE interfaces are summarized and
discussed, introduces strategies for resolving interfacial issues and gives an overview of advanced analytical
characterization methods. Despite ASSLSBs exhibiting excellent potential applications in electric energy
storage devices after decades of development, they still face great challenges, including large interfacial
impedance, poor interfacial compatibility, Li dendrite formation and a poor understanding of the interfacial
properties, which greatly hinder the performance improvement of ASSLSBs. Therefore, efforts aimed at
improving the interfacial stability, decreasing the impedance of the interfaces and understanding interfacial
electrochemical behavior are critically important to enable ASSLSBs for their practical applications.

Generally, the inherent disadvantages of interfaces, including grain boundaries, voids and space charge
layers between the electrodes and electrolyte, easily cause uneven current distribution at the interface,
leading to large interfacial resistance, seriously affecting the electrochemical performance of ASSLSBs.
Advanced strategies have been developed to modify and optimize the interfaces in ASSLSBs for overcoming
the challenges deriving from the interfaces between electrodes and electrolytes; however, designing and
constructing an ideal interface of the electrode/electrolyte with stable structure, high ionic conductivity and
small resistance are still critically important. Therefore, in order to achieve the goal of high-performance
ASSLSBs, the future research interest in the field of electrode/electrolyte interfaces is suggested as follows:

(1) Since the type and microstructure of interlayer materials are the keys to the interfacial properties, the
next stage is to select and synthesize the advanced interlayer materials with good electrochemical stability,
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excellent mechanical behavior and fast conductive networks and Li diffusion pathways.