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Page 6 of 13 Xia et al. Energy Mater. 2026, 6, 600022

Figure 2. (A) J-V curves and (B) XRD patterns of Sb 2 S 3 doped with ZnO with different deposition times; (C) The magnified XRD pattern of
the Sb 2 S 3 films; (D) Sb 3d, (E) S 2p and (F) Zn 2p XPS spectra of Sb 2 S 3 thin films with and without ZnO. High-resolution (G) Sb 3d, (H) S
2p, (I) Sb MN XPS spectra. J-V: Density-voltage; XRD: X-ray diffraction; XPS: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; PDF: powder diffraction
file; MN: X-ray photoelectron spectrum peak of Sb; W/O: without ZnO.

Table 1. The performance parameters list of Sb 2 S 3 solar cells without and with ZnO
Sample V oc (mV) J sc (mA/cm ) R s (Ω) R sh (kΩ) FF (%) PCE (%)
2
W/O ZnO 729 6 12.5 1.2 158 86 3.2 0.4 56 6 5.1 0.9
20 s 727 8 13.4 0.7 143 49 3.0 0.2 58 4 5.4 0.6
40 s 728 9 14.6 0.6 111 11 3.2 0.2 59 1 6.6 0.3
80 s 716 14 13.3 1.2 182 51 2.3 0.7 50 5 4.4 0.7
200 s 715 15 12.0 0.9 238 106 2.1 0.5 46 5 4.0 0.5
400 s 725 10 12.1 0.8 333 79 2.6 0.7 43 5 3.7 0.6
V oc : Open-circuit voltage; J sc : short-circuit current density; R s : series resistance; R sh : shunt resistance; FF: fill factor; PCE: power conversion efficiency.

the diffraction peak shift in Sb O is more pronounced and the lattice distortion is more significant compared
2
3
with the counterpart of Sb S . This can be attributed to the higher surface content of Sb O and a higher
3
2
2 3
probability of reaction with Zn. Based on the above analysis, it can be preliminarily determined that after 40 s