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synthesized by a simple method for efficient dehydrogenation of FA. The nitrogen/amino co-
functionalization of supports endows ultrasmall Pd nanoclusters with uniform dispersion and beneficial
metal-support interaction, thus enhancing catalytic reactivity. The as-prepared Pd@NH -NC exhibits a 100
2
−1
−1
% H selectivity, with a high TOF initial of 4,892 h and a low activation energy (E ) of 28.5 kJ·mol without
a
2
additive at 298 K. In particular, TOF initial value of Pd@NH -NC reaches about 2.5 times, 9.5 times, and 188.2
2
times higher than that of Pd@NH -C, Pd@NC, and Pt/C, respectively. We expect that this work suggests a
2
co-functionalization strategy method for the design and synthesis of carbon-supported metal catalysts with
desired performance.
DECLARATIONS
Acknowledgments
We thank Mrs. Jiao Li, Yan Liang, and Jiamei Liu from the Instrument Analysis Center of Xi’an Jiaotong
University for their help in obtaining TEM/ICP/XPS results.

Authors’ contributions
Made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study, performed data analysis and
interpretation, and wrote original draft: Liu D, Zhou C
Conducted the investigation of the study and performed data acquisition: Wang G, Li Y
Revised the manuscript, as well as provided administrative, technical, and material support: Yang Z, Kong
C, Liu B

Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.

Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (92066207), Shccig-Qinling
Program (2021JLM-27), the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi Province (2023-CX-TD-49,
2020TD-001), and Lanzhou University-Jinchuan Group Chemical Co., Ltd. Chemical Environmental
Protection Industry Joint Laboratory [(20)0837].

Conflicts of interest
All authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023.

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