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Table 1. Summary of studies included in this review
Operative Patients, Study
Title Country Year Operation Technology Conclusion
phase centres design
Theme: Cinematic rendering
Cinematic rendering: novel tool for USA 2022 Preoperative assessment of Pre NA, Single centre Case series Cinematic rendering Cinematic rendering may improve
improving pancreatic cancer resectability determination of resectability,
surgical planning including assessment for venous
resection and arterial divestment.
Better appreciation of anatomical
variants. Identificaiton of occult
metastasis
Computer assisted surgery, Japan 2014 Pancreaticoduodenectomy Intra 15, Single centre Case series CT-volume Image-supported surgery to treat
preoperative planning and rendering imaging pancreatic cancer improves both
navigation for pancreatic cancer safety and effectiveness
Theme: Navigation surgery
Intraoperative navigation system China 2022 Preclinical model Intra 10 surgeons Pilot study Navigation system The intraoperative navigation system
with a multi-modality fusion of 3D with an accurate applied in laparoscopic pancreatic
virtual model and laparoscopic multi-modality surgery clearly and correctly showed
real-time images in laparoscopic fusion of 3D virtual the covered anatomical structures. It
pancreatic surgery: a preclinical model and has the potentiality of helping
study laparoscopic real- achieve a more safe and efficient
time images laparoscopic pancreatic surgery
Identification of inferior Japan 2013 Pancreaticoduodenectomy Intra 7, Single centre Case series AR-based NS The AR-based NS provided precise
pancreaticoduodenal artery during anatomical information, which
pancreaticoduodenectomy using allowed the surgeons to rapidly
augmented reality-based identify and perform early ligation of
navigation system IPDA in PD
Augmented reality-guided artery- France 2013 pancreaticoduodenectomy Intra 1, Single centre Case report Augmented reality AR is a valuable navigation tool that
first pancreatico-duodenectomy guided surgery (VR- can enhance the ability to achieve a
RENDER safe surgical resection during PD
reconstruction,
VITOM exoscope)
Image-guided minimally invasive Switzerland 2021 Endopancreatic resection of Intra 8, Single centre Case series Endopancreatic 6 of 8 lesions, not visible on
endopancreatic surgery using a pancreatic lesions navigation using 3D conventional endoscopy were
computer-assisted navigation reconstruction of resected
system preoperative CT
Novel navigation system by Japan 2018 Mixture of pancreatic and liver Intra 9 (2 pancreas resections - 1 Case series Image guided Improved ability to identified
augmented reality technology resections distal pancreatectomy, 1 navigation surgery anatomical structures, including
using a tablet PC for hepatobiliary pancreaticoduodenectomy), inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
and pancreatic surgery Single centre
Navigation surgery using an Japan 2015 Pancreatic surgery for cancer Intra 14 (11 Case series AR-based NS AR-based NS contributed to
augmented reality for pancreaticoduodenectomies, 3 accurate and effective surgical
pancreatectomy distal pancreatectomies), Single resection in pancreatectomy
centre