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Stott et al. Art Int Surg 2023;3:207-16 Artificial
DOI: 10.20517/ais.2022.42
Intelligence Surgery

Review Open Access

Can 3D visualisation and navigation techniques
improve pancreatic surgery? A systematic review

1,2
Martyn Stott , Ambareen Kausar 3
1
Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
2
Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK.
3
Department of HPB Surgery, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, Blackburn BB2 3HH, UK.
Correspondence to: Dr. Ambareen Kausar, Department of HPB Surgery, Royal Blackburn Teaching Hospital, East Lancashire
Hospitals NHS Trust, Haslingden Road, Blackburn BB2 3HH, UK. E-mail: ambareen@doctors.org.uk

How to cite this article: Stott M, Kausar A. Can 3D visualisation and navigation techniques improve pancreatic surgery? A
systematic review. Art Int Surg 2023;3:207-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/ais.2022.42

Received: 26 Dec 2022 First Decision: 6 Mar 2023 Revised: 5 Jul 2023 Accepted: 19 Oct 2023 Published: 25 Oct 2023
Academic Editors: Derek O’Reilly, Andrew Gumbs Copy Editor: Pei-Yun Wang Production Editor: Pei-Yun Wang

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer, namely pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is an intractable cancer with a 5-year
survival of around 7%-10%. Surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy remains the mainstay of curative treatment. The
pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that lies close to major arterial and venous structures, and it is the involvement
of these structures that currently technically limits surgical resection with curative intent for pancreatic cancer. It is
possible to resect venous and arterial structures involved in cancer to expand options for patients for whom
surgery was previously deemed infeasible, but this is best performed in high-volume pancreatic surgery centres.
Here, we explore the role that 3D visualisation and navigation surgery have in improving preoperative planning and
operative execution, the role they may play in training and education and in enabling the development of novel
surgical techniques in pancreatic surgery.

Keywords: 3D-visualisation, navigation surgery, cinematic rendering simulation, pancreatic surgery

INTRODUCTION
Pancreatic cancer, namely pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is an intractable cancer with a 5-year
survival of around 7%-10% . Surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy remains the mainstay of curative
[1,2]
[3]
treatment . The pancreas is a retroperitoneal organ that lies close to major arterial and venous structures,

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, sharing,
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