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Liu et al. Microstructures 2023;3:2023008 https://dx.doi.org/10.20517/microstructures.2022.31 Page 7 of 13

Figure 4. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra of 0.55Bi Na TiO -0.45(Sr Bi )TiO nanofibers: (A) survey spectra, (B) Bi,
0.5
3
0.5
0.2
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(C) Na, (D) Ti, (E) Sr, and (F) O.

Figure 5. (A and B) ε and (C and D) dielectric loss of monolayer and trilayer nanocomposites. (E and F) ε and dielectric loss at 1 kHz of
nanocomposites with various 0.55Bi Na TiO -0.45(Sr Bi )TiO nanofiber loadings.
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3
loss of monolayer BNT-BST/PVDF nanocomposites. The dielectric loss of nanocomposites is primarily
[37]
caused by two factors: conduction loss and polarization loss .
As shown in Figure 5B and D, the frequency dependence of the dielectric characteristics of the symmetric
trilayer nanocomposites is comparable to that of the monolayer BNT-BST/PVDF nanocomposites. The
analysis of ε and dielectric loss at 1 kHz of the nanocomposites is shown in Figure 5E and F. Notably, the