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Page 8 of 36 Chen et al. Soft Sci. 2026, 6, 9

Figure 4. Other methods for MLM preparation. (A) Papers coated with MLM as a flexible circuit and magnet . Reprinted with permission.
[61]
Copyright 2020, John Wiley and Sons; (B) Preparation of the reprogrammable MLM microparticles in elastomer substrates by mixing [79] .
Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2023, John Wiley and Sons; (C) Continuous fabrication of electromagnetic fibers with an MLM as
the core and elastic polyurethane as the sheath [81] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society; (D) Spray
deposition of LM [53] . Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemistry; (E) Injection molding of liquid metal [83] .
Reprinted with permission. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society; (F) Suspension printing of LM [86] . Reprinted with permission.
Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. MLMs: Magnetic liquid metals; LM: liquid metal.

As mentioned above, pure LMs without embedded magnetic particles can also demonstrate magnetic
responsiveness. When current is passed through the LMs, they experience Lorentz forces in the presence of
the magnetic field. In addition to bulk and linear configurations, LMs are typically shaped into coils as a
flexible electromagnet. The fabrication of LM coils primarily relies on advanced patterning methods for LMs.
The 2D LM coils can be fabricated by selective wetting and stencil printing. Taking stencil printing as an
example, Varga et al. employed spray deposition to pattern an EGaIn coil on a silicone substrate using a steel
stencil [Figure 4D] . Injection is another effective method for shaping LMs by injecting them into a
[53]
designed container or mold [82,83] . Lin et al. employed vacuum-driven pressure differentials to infuse EGaIn
into sealed PDMS microchannels to create a 2D coil . Ma et al. employed a removable, nonstick mold to
[84]
pattern LM by injection, combining the process simplicity of molding with the key advantage of a mold-free